kernel/rcutree.c

/*
 * Read-Copy Update mechanism for mutual exclusion
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
 *
 * Copyright IBM Corporation, 2008
 *
 * Authors: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
 *	    Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
 *	    Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Hierarchical version
 *
 * Based on the original work by Paul McKenney <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
 * and inputs from Rusty Russell, Andrea Arcangeli and Andi Kleen.
 *
 * For detailed explanation of Read-Copy Update mechanism see -
 * 	Documentation/RCU
 */
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <asm/atomic.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/completion.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/time.h>

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
static struct lock_class_key rcu_lock_key;
struct lockdep_map rcu_lock_map =
	STATIC_LOCKDEP_MAP_INIT("rcu_read_lock", &rcu_lock_key);
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_lock_map);
#endif

/* Data structures. */

#define RCU_STATE_INITIALIZER(name) { \
	.level = { &name.node[0] }, \
	.levelcnt = { \
		NUM_RCU_LVL_0,  /* root of hierarchy. */ \
		NUM_RCU_LVL_1, \
		NUM_RCU_LVL_2, \
		NUM_RCU_LVL_3, /* == MAX_RCU_LVLS */ \
	}, \
	.signaled = RCU_SIGNAL_INIT, \
	.gpnum = -300, \
	.completed = -300, \
	.onofflock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(&name.onofflock), \
	.fqslock = __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(&name.fqslock), \
	.n_force_qs = 0, \
	.n_force_qs_ngp = 0, \
}

struct rcu_state rcu_state = RCU_STATE_INITIALIZER(rcu_state);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct rcu_data, rcu_data);

struct rcu_state rcu_bh_state = RCU_STATE_INITIALIZER(rcu_bh_state);
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct rcu_data, rcu_bh_data);

/*
 * Increment the quiescent state counter.
 * The counter is a bit degenerated: We do not need to know
 * how many quiescent states passed, just if there was at least
 * one since the start of the grace period. Thus just a flag.
 */
void rcu_qsctr_inc(int cpu)
{
	struct rcu_data *rdp = &per_cpu(rcu_data, cpu);
	rdp->passed_quiesc = 1;
	rdp->passed_quiesc_completed = rdp->completed;
}

void rcu_bh_qsctr_inc(int cpu)
{
	struct rcu_data *rdp = &per_cpu(rcu_bh_data, cpu);
	rdp->passed_quiesc = 1;
	rdp->passed_quiesc_completed = rdp->completed;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ
DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct rcu_dynticks, rcu_dynticks) = {
	.dynticks_nesting = 1,
	.dynticks = 1,
};
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ */

static int blimit = 10;		/* Maximum callbacks per softirq. */
static int qhimark = 10000;	/* If this many pending, ignore blimit. */
static int qlowmark = 100;	/* Once only this many pending, use blimit. */

static void force_quiescent_state(struct rcu_state *rsp, int relaxed);

/*
 * Return the number of RCU batches processed thus far for debug & stats.
 */
long rcu_batches_completed(void)
{
	return rcu_state.completed;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_batches_completed);

/*
 * Return the number of RCU BH batches processed thus far for debug & stats.
 */
long rcu_batches_completed_bh(void)
{
	return rcu_bh_state.completed;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_batches_completed_bh);

/*
 * Does the CPU have callbacks ready to be invoked?
 */
static int
cpu_has_callbacks_ready_to_invoke(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	return &rdp->nxtlist != rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL];
}

/*
 * Does the current CPU require a yet-as-unscheduled grace period?
 */
static int
cpu_needs_another_gp(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	/* ACCESS_ONCE() because we are accessing outside of lock. */
	return *rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL] &&
	       ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed) == ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->gpnum);
}

/*
 * Return the root node of the specified rcu_state structure.
 */
static struct rcu_node *rcu_get_root(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	return &rsp->node[0];
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP

/*
 * If the specified CPU is offline, tell the caller that it is in
 * a quiescent state.  Otherwise, whack it with a reschedule IPI.
 * Grace periods can end up waiting on an offline CPU when that
 * CPU is in the process of coming online -- it will be added to the
 * rcu_node bitmasks before it actually makes it online.  The same thing
 * can happen while a CPU is in the process of coming online.  Because this
 * race is quite rare, we check for it after detecting that the grace
 * period has been delayed rather than checking each and every CPU
 * each and every time we start a new grace period.
 */
static int rcu_implicit_offline_qs(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	/*
	 * If the CPU is offline, it is in a quiescent state.  We can
	 * trust its state not to change because interrupts are disabled.
	 */
	if (cpu_is_offline(rdp->cpu)) {
		rdp->offline_fqs++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* The CPU is online, so send it a reschedule IPI. */
	if (rdp->cpu != smp_processor_id())
		smp_send_reschedule(rdp->cpu);
	else
		set_need_resched();
	rdp->resched_ipi++;
	return 0;
}

#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_SMP */

#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ
static DEFINE_RATELIMIT_STATE(rcu_rs, 10 * HZ, 5);

/**
 * rcu_enter_nohz - inform RCU that current CPU is entering nohz
 *
 * Enter nohz mode, in other words, -leave- the mode in which RCU
 * read-side critical sections can occur.  (Though RCU read-side
 * critical sections can occur in irq handlers in nohz mode, a possibility
 * handled by rcu_irq_enter() and rcu_irq_exit()).
 */
void rcu_enter_nohz(void)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp;

	smp_mb(); /* CPUs seeing ++ must see prior RCU read-side crit sects */
	local_irq_save(flags);
	rdtp = &__get_cpu_var(rcu_dynticks);
	rdtp->dynticks++;
	rdtp->dynticks_nesting--;
	WARN_ON_RATELIMIT(rdtp->dynticks & 0x1, &rcu_rs);
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * rcu_exit_nohz - inform RCU that current CPU is leaving nohz
 *
 * Exit nohz mode, in other words, -enter- the mode in which RCU
 * read-side critical sections normally occur.
 */
void rcu_exit_nohz(void)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp;

	local_irq_save(flags);
	rdtp = &__get_cpu_var(rcu_dynticks);
	rdtp->dynticks++;
	rdtp->dynticks_nesting++;
	WARN_ON_RATELIMIT(!(rdtp->dynticks & 0x1), &rcu_rs);
	local_irq_restore(flags);
	smp_mb(); /* CPUs seeing ++ must see later RCU read-side crit sects */
}

/**
 * rcu_nmi_enter - inform RCU of entry to NMI context
 *
 * If the CPU was idle with dynamic ticks active, and there is no
 * irq handler running, this updates rdtp->dynticks_nmi to let the
 * RCU grace-period handling know that the CPU is active.
 */
void rcu_nmi_enter(void)
{
	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp = &__get_cpu_var(rcu_dynticks);

	if (rdtp->dynticks & 0x1)
		return;
	rdtp->dynticks_nmi++;
	WARN_ON_RATELIMIT(!(rdtp->dynticks_nmi & 0x1), &rcu_rs);
	smp_mb(); /* CPUs seeing ++ must see later RCU read-side crit sects */
}

/**
 * rcu_nmi_exit - inform RCU of exit from NMI context
 *
 * If the CPU was idle with dynamic ticks active, and there is no
 * irq handler running, this updates rdtp->dynticks_nmi to let the
 * RCU grace-period handling know that the CPU is no longer active.
 */
void rcu_nmi_exit(void)
{
	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp = &__get_cpu_var(rcu_dynticks);

	if (rdtp->dynticks & 0x1)
		return;
	smp_mb(); /* CPUs seeing ++ must see prior RCU read-side crit sects */
	rdtp->dynticks_nmi++;
	WARN_ON_RATELIMIT(rdtp->dynticks_nmi & 0x1, &rcu_rs);
}

/**
 * rcu_irq_enter - inform RCU of entry to hard irq context
 *
 * If the CPU was idle with dynamic ticks active, this updates the
 * rdtp->dynticks to let the RCU handling know that the CPU is active.
 */
void rcu_irq_enter(void)
{
	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp = &__get_cpu_var(rcu_dynticks);

	if (rdtp->dynticks_nesting++)
		return;
	rdtp->dynticks++;
	WARN_ON_RATELIMIT(!(rdtp->dynticks & 0x1), &rcu_rs);
	smp_mb(); /* CPUs seeing ++ must see later RCU read-side crit sects */
}

/**
 * rcu_irq_exit - inform RCU of exit from hard irq context
 *
 * If the CPU was idle with dynamic ticks active, update the rdp->dynticks
 * to put let the RCU handling be aware that the CPU is going back to idle
 * with no ticks.
 */
void rcu_irq_exit(void)
{
	struct rcu_dynticks *rdtp = &__get_cpu_var(rcu_dynticks);

	if (--rdtp->dynticks_nesting)
		return;
	smp_mb(); /* CPUs seeing ++ must see prior RCU read-side crit sects */
	rdtp->dynticks++;
	WARN_ON_RATELIMIT(rdtp->dynticks & 0x1, &rcu_rs);

	/* If the interrupt queued a callback, get out of dyntick mode. */
	if (__get_cpu_var(rcu_data).nxtlist ||
	    __get_cpu_var(rcu_bh_data).nxtlist)
		set_need_resched();
}

/*
 * Record the specified "completed" value, which is later used to validate
 * dynticks counter manipulations.  Specify "rsp->completed - 1" to
 * unconditionally invalidate any future dynticks manipulations (which is
 * useful at the beginning of a grace period).
 */
static void dyntick_record_completed(struct rcu_state *rsp, long comp)
{
	rsp->dynticks_completed = comp;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP

/*
 * Recall the previously recorded value of the completion for dynticks.
 */
static long dyntick_recall_completed(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	return rsp->dynticks_completed;
}

/*
 * Snapshot the specified CPU's dynticks counter so that we can later
 * credit them with an implicit quiescent state.  Return 1 if this CPU
 * is already in a quiescent state courtesy of dynticks idle mode.
 */
static int dyntick_save_progress_counter(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	int ret;
	int snap;
	int snap_nmi;

	snap = rdp->dynticks->dynticks;
	snap_nmi = rdp->dynticks->dynticks_nmi;
	smp_mb();	/* Order sampling of snap with end of grace period. */
	rdp->dynticks_snap = snap;
	rdp->dynticks_nmi_snap = snap_nmi;
	ret = ((snap & 0x1) == 0) && ((snap_nmi & 0x1) == 0);
	if (ret)
		rdp->dynticks_fqs++;
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Return true if the specified CPU has passed through a quiescent
 * state by virtue of being in or having passed through an dynticks
 * idle state since the last call to dyntick_save_progress_counter()
 * for this same CPU.
 */
static int rcu_implicit_dynticks_qs(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	long curr;
	long curr_nmi;
	long snap;
	long snap_nmi;

	curr = rdp->dynticks->dynticks;
	snap = rdp->dynticks_snap;
	curr_nmi = rdp->dynticks->dynticks_nmi;
	snap_nmi = rdp->dynticks_nmi_snap;
	smp_mb(); /* force ordering with cpu entering/leaving dynticks. */

	/*
	 * If the CPU passed through or entered a dynticks idle phase with
	 * no active irq/NMI handlers, then we can safely pretend that the CPU
	 * already acknowledged the request to pass through a quiescent
	 * state.  Either way, that CPU cannot possibly be in an RCU
	 * read-side critical section that started before the beginning
	 * of the current RCU grace period.
	 */
	if ((curr != snap || (curr & 0x1) == 0) &&
	    (curr_nmi != snap_nmi || (curr_nmi & 0x1) == 0)) {
		rdp->dynticks_fqs++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* Go check for the CPU being offline. */
	return rcu_implicit_offline_qs(rdp);
}

#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_SMP */

#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ */

static void dyntick_record_completed(struct rcu_state *rsp, long comp)
{
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP

/*
 * If there are no dynticks, then the only way that a CPU can passively
 * be in a quiescent state is to be offline.  Unlike dynticks idle, which
 * is a point in time during the prior (already finished) grace period,
 * an offline CPU is always in a quiescent state, and thus can be
 * unconditionally applied.  So just return the current value of completed.
 */
static long dyntick_recall_completed(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	return rsp->completed;
}

static int dyntick_save_progress_counter(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	return 0;
}

static int rcu_implicit_dynticks_qs(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	return rcu_implicit_offline_qs(rdp);
}

#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_SMP */

#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ */

#ifdef CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR

static void record_gp_stall_check_time(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	rsp->gp_start = jiffies;
	rsp->jiffies_stall = jiffies + RCU_SECONDS_TILL_STALL_CHECK;
}

static void print_other_cpu_stall(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	int cpu;
	long delta;
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rcu_node *rnp = rcu_get_root(rsp);
	struct rcu_node *rnp_cur = rsp->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1];
	struct rcu_node *rnp_end = &rsp->node[NUM_RCU_NODES];

	/* Only let one CPU complain about others per time interval. */

	spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp->lock, flags);
	delta = jiffies - rsp->jiffies_stall;
	if (delta < RCU_STALL_RAT_DELAY || rsp->gpnum == rsp->completed) {
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
		return;
	}
	rsp->jiffies_stall = jiffies + RCU_SECONDS_TILL_STALL_RECHECK;
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);

	/* OK, time to rat on our buddy... */

	printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: RCU detected CPU stalls:");
	for (; rnp_cur < rnp_end; rnp_cur++) {
		if (rnp_cur->qsmask == 0)
			continue;
		for (cpu = 0; cpu <= rnp_cur->grphi - rnp_cur->grplo; cpu++)
			if (rnp_cur->qsmask & (1UL << cpu))
				printk(" %d", rnp_cur->grplo + cpu);
	}
	printk(" (detected by %d, t=%ld jiffies)\n",
	       smp_processor_id(), (long)(jiffies - rsp->gp_start));
	force_quiescent_state(rsp, 0);  /* Kick them all. */
}

static void print_cpu_stall(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rcu_node *rnp = rcu_get_root(rsp);

	printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: RCU detected CPU %d stall (t=%lu jiffies)\n",
			smp_processor_id(), jiffies - rsp->gp_start);
	dump_stack();
	spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp->lock, flags);
	if ((long)(jiffies - rsp->jiffies_stall) >= 0)
		rsp->jiffies_stall =
			jiffies + RCU_SECONDS_TILL_STALL_RECHECK;
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
	set_need_resched();  /* kick ourselves to get things going. */
}

static void check_cpu_stall(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	long delta;
	struct rcu_node *rnp;

	delta = jiffies - rsp->jiffies_stall;
	rnp = rdp->mynode;
	if ((rnp->qsmask & rdp->grpmask) && delta >= 0) {

		/* We haven't checked in, so go dump stack. */
		print_cpu_stall(rsp);

	} else if (rsp->gpnum != rsp->completed &&
		   delta >= RCU_STALL_RAT_DELAY) {

		/* They had two time units to dump stack, so complain. */
		print_other_cpu_stall(rsp);
	}
}

#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR */

static void record_gp_stall_check_time(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
}

static void check_cpu_stall(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
}

#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR */

/*
 * Update CPU-local rcu_data state to record the newly noticed grace period.
 * This is used both when we started the grace period and when we notice
 * that someone else started the grace period.
 */
static void note_new_gpnum(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	rdp->qs_pending = 1;
	rdp->passed_quiesc = 0;
	rdp->gpnum = rsp->gpnum;
}

/*
 * Did someone else start a new RCU grace period start since we last
 * checked?  Update local state appropriately if so.  Must be called
 * on the CPU corresponding to rdp.
 */
static int
check_for_new_grace_period(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	int ret = 0;

	local_irq_save(flags);
	if (rdp->gpnum != rsp->gpnum) {
		note_new_gpnum(rsp, rdp);
		ret = 1;
	}
	local_irq_restore(flags);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Start a new RCU grace period if warranted, re-initializing the hierarchy
 * in preparation for detecting the next grace period.  The caller must hold
 * the root node's ->lock, which is released before return.  Hard irqs must
 * be disabled.
 */
static void
rcu_start_gp(struct rcu_state *rsp, unsigned long flags)
	__releases(rcu_get_root(rsp)->lock)
{
	struct rcu_data *rdp = rsp->rda[smp_processor_id()];
	struct rcu_node *rnp = rcu_get_root(rsp);
	struct rcu_node *rnp_cur;
	struct rcu_node *rnp_end;

	if (!cpu_needs_another_gp(rsp, rdp)) {
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
		return;
	}

	/* Advance to a new grace period and initialize state. */
	rsp->gpnum++;
	rsp->signaled = RCU_GP_INIT; /* Hold off force_quiescent_state. */
	rsp->jiffies_force_qs = jiffies + RCU_JIFFIES_TILL_FORCE_QS;
	record_gp_stall_check_time(rsp);
	dyntick_record_completed(rsp, rsp->completed - 1);
	note_new_gpnum(rsp, rdp);

	/*
	 * Because we are first, we know that all our callbacks will
	 * be covered by this upcoming grace period, even the ones
	 * that were registered arbitrarily recently.
	 */
	rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_READY_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL];
	rdp->nxttail[RCU_WAIT_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL];

	/* Special-case the common single-level case. */
	if (NUM_RCU_NODES == 1) {
		rnp->qsmask = rnp->qsmaskinit;
		rsp->signaled = RCU_SIGNAL_INIT; /* force_quiescent_state OK. */
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
		return;
	}

	spin_unlock(&rnp->lock);  /* leave irqs disabled. */


	/* Exclude any concurrent CPU-hotplug operations. */
	spin_lock(&rsp->onofflock);  /* irqs already disabled. */

	/*
	 * Set the quiescent-state-needed bits in all the non-leaf RCU
	 * nodes for all currently online CPUs.  This operation relies
	 * on the layout of the hierarchy within the rsp->node[] array.
	 * Note that other CPUs will access only the leaves of the
	 * hierarchy, which still indicate that no grace period is in
	 * progress.  In addition, we have excluded CPU-hotplug operations.
	 *
	 * We therefore do not need to hold any locks.  Any required
	 * memory barriers will be supplied by the locks guarding the
	 * leaf rcu_nodes in the hierarchy.
	 */

	rnp_end = rsp->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1];
	for (rnp_cur = &rsp->node[0]; rnp_cur < rnp_end; rnp_cur++)
		rnp_cur->qsmask = rnp_cur->qsmaskinit;

	/*
	 * Now set up the leaf nodes.  Here we must be careful.  First,
	 * we need to hold the lock in order to exclude other CPUs, which
	 * might be contending for the leaf nodes' locks.  Second, as
	 * soon as we initialize a given leaf node, its CPUs might run
	 * up the rest of the hierarchy.  We must therefore acquire locks
	 * for each node that we touch during this stage.  (But we still
	 * are excluding CPU-hotplug operations.)
	 *
	 * Note that the grace period cannot complete until we finish
	 * the initialization process, as there will be at least one
	 * qsmask bit set in the root node until that time, namely the
	 * one corresponding to this CPU.
	 */
	rnp_end = &rsp->node[NUM_RCU_NODES];
	rnp_cur = rsp->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1];
	for (; rnp_cur < rnp_end; rnp_cur++) {
		spin_lock(&rnp_cur->lock);	/* irqs already disabled. */
		rnp_cur->qsmask = rnp_cur->qsmaskinit;
		spin_unlock(&rnp_cur->lock);	/* irqs already disabled. */
	}

	rsp->signaled = RCU_SIGNAL_INIT; /* force_quiescent_state now OK. */
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rsp->onofflock, flags);
}

/*
 * Advance this CPU's callbacks, but only if the current grace period
 * has ended.  This may be called only from the CPU to whom the rdp
 * belongs.
 */
static void
rcu_process_gp_end(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	long completed_snap;
	unsigned long flags;

	local_irq_save(flags);
	completed_snap = ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed);  /* outside of lock. */

	/* Did another grace period end? */
	if (rdp->completed != completed_snap) {

		/* Advance callbacks.  No harm if list empty. */
		rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_WAIT_TAIL];
		rdp->nxttail[RCU_WAIT_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_READY_TAIL];
		rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_READY_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL];

		/* Remember that we saw this grace-period completion. */
		rdp->completed = completed_snap;
	}
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * Similar to cpu_quiet(), for which it is a helper function.  Allows
 * a group of CPUs to be quieted at one go, though all the CPUs in the
 * group must be represented by the same leaf rcu_node structure.
 * That structure's lock must be held upon entry, and it is released
 * before return.
 */
static void
cpu_quiet_msk(unsigned long mask, struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_node *rnp,
	      unsigned long flags)
	__releases(rnp->lock)
{
	/* Walk up the rcu_node hierarchy. */
	for (;;) {
		if (!(rnp->qsmask & mask)) {

			/* Our bit has already been cleared, so done. */
			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
			return;
		}
		rnp->qsmask &= ~mask;
		if (rnp->qsmask != 0) {

			/* Other bits still set at this level, so done. */
			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
			return;
		}
		mask = rnp->grpmask;
		if (rnp->parent == NULL) {

			/* No more levels.  Exit loop holding root lock. */

			break;
		}
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
		rnp = rnp->parent;
		spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp->lock, flags);
	}

	/*
	 * Get here if we are the last CPU to pass through a quiescent
	 * state for this grace period.  Clean up and let rcu_start_gp()
	 * start up the next grace period if one is needed.  Note that
	 * we still hold rnp->lock, as required by rcu_start_gp(), which
	 * will release it.
	 */
	rsp->completed = rsp->gpnum;
	rcu_process_gp_end(rsp, rsp->rda[smp_processor_id()]);
	rcu_start_gp(rsp, flags);  /* releases rnp->lock. */
}

/*
 * Record a quiescent state for the specified CPU, which must either be
 * the current CPU or an offline CPU.  The lastcomp argument is used to
 * make sure we are still in the grace period of interest.  We don't want
 * to end the current grace period based on quiescent states detected in
 * an earlier grace period!
 */
static void
cpu_quiet(int cpu, struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp, long lastcomp)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	unsigned long mask;
	struct rcu_node *rnp;

	rnp = rdp->mynode;
	spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp->lock, flags);
	if (lastcomp != ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed)) {

		/*
		 * Someone beat us to it for this grace period, so leave.
		 * The race with GP start is resolved by the fact that we
		 * hold the leaf rcu_node lock, so that the per-CPU bits
		 * cannot yet be initialized -- so we would simply find our
		 * CPU's bit already cleared in cpu_quiet_msk() if this race
		 * occurred.
		 */
		rdp->passed_quiesc = 0;	/* try again later! */
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
		return;
	}
	mask = rdp->grpmask;
	if ((rnp->qsmask & mask) == 0) {
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp->lock, flags);
	} else {
		rdp->qs_pending = 0;

		/*
		 * This GP can't end until cpu checks in, so all of our
		 * callbacks can be processed during the next GP.
		 */
		rdp = rsp->rda[smp_processor_id()];
		rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_READY_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL];

		cpu_quiet_msk(mask, rsp, rnp, flags); /* releases rnp->lock */
	}
}

/*
 * Check to see if there is a new grace period of which this CPU
 * is not yet aware, and if so, set up local rcu_data state for it.
 * Otherwise, see if this CPU has just passed through its first
 * quiescent state for this grace period, and record that fact if so.
 */
static void
rcu_check_quiescent_state(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	/* If there is now a new grace period, record and return. */
	if (check_for_new_grace_period(rsp, rdp))
		return;

	/*
	 * Does this CPU still need to do its part for current grace period?
	 * If no, return and let the other CPUs do their part as well.
	 */
	if (!rdp->qs_pending)
		return;

	/*
	 * Was there a quiescent state since the beginning of the grace
	 * period? If no, then exit and wait for the next call.
	 */
	if (!rdp->passed_quiesc)
		return;

	/* Tell RCU we are done (but cpu_quiet() will be the judge of that). */
	cpu_quiet(rdp->cpu, rsp, rdp, rdp->passed_quiesc_completed);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU

/*
 * Remove the outgoing CPU from the bitmasks in the rcu_node hierarchy
 * and move all callbacks from the outgoing CPU to the current one.
 */
static void __rcu_offline_cpu(int cpu, struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	int i;
	unsigned long flags;
	long lastcomp;
	unsigned long mask;
	struct rcu_data *rdp = rsp->rda[cpu];
	struct rcu_data *rdp_me;
	struct rcu_node *rnp;

	/* Exclude any attempts to start a new grace period. */
	spin_lock_irqsave(&rsp->onofflock, flags);

	/* Remove the outgoing CPU from the masks in the rcu_node hierarchy. */
	rnp = rdp->mynode;
	mask = rdp->grpmask;	/* rnp->grplo is constant. */
	do {
		spin_lock(&rnp->lock);		/* irqs already disabled. */
		rnp->qsmaskinit &= ~mask;
		if (rnp->qsmaskinit != 0) {
			spin_unlock(&rnp->lock); /* irqs already disabled. */
			break;
		}
		mask = rnp->grpmask;
		spin_unlock(&rnp->lock);	/* irqs already disabled. */
		rnp = rnp->parent;
	} while (rnp != NULL);
	lastcomp = rsp->completed;

	spin_unlock(&rsp->onofflock);		/* irqs remain disabled. */

	/* Being offline is a quiescent state, so go record it. */
	cpu_quiet(cpu, rsp, rdp, lastcomp);

	/*
	 * Move callbacks from the outgoing CPU to the running CPU.
	 * Note that the outgoing CPU is now quiscent, so it is now
	 * (uncharacteristically) safe to access it rcu_data structure.
	 * Note also that we must carefully retain the order of the
	 * outgoing CPU's callbacks in order for rcu_barrier() to work
	 * correctly.  Finally, note that we start all the callbacks
	 * afresh, even those that have passed through a grace period
	 * and are therefore ready to invoke.  The theory is that hotplug
	 * events are rare, and that if they are frequent enough to
	 * indefinitely delay callbacks, you have far worse things to
	 * be worrying about.
	 */
	rdp_me = rsp->rda[smp_processor_id()];
	if (rdp->nxtlist != NULL) {
		*rdp_me->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL] = rdp->nxtlist;
		rdp_me->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL] = rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL];
		rdp->nxtlist = NULL;
		for (i = 0; i < RCU_NEXT_SIZE; i++)
			rdp->nxttail[i] = &rdp->nxtlist;
		rdp_me->qlen += rdp->qlen;
		rdp->qlen = 0;
	}
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * Remove the specified CPU from the RCU hierarchy and move any pending
 * callbacks that it might have to the current CPU.  This code assumes
 * that at least one CPU in the system will remain running at all times.
 * Any attempt to offline -all- CPUs is likely to strand RCU callbacks.
 */
static void rcu_offline_cpu(int cpu)
{
	__rcu_offline_cpu(cpu, &rcu_state);
	__rcu_offline_cpu(cpu, &rcu_bh_state);
}

#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU */

static void rcu_offline_cpu(int cpu)
{
}

#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU */

/*
 * Invoke any RCU callbacks that have made it to the end of their grace
 * period.  Thottle as specified by rdp->blimit.
 */
static void rcu_do_batch(struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rcu_head *next, *list, **tail;
	int count;

	/* If no callbacks are ready, just return.*/
	if (!cpu_has_callbacks_ready_to_invoke(rdp))
		return;

	/*
	 * Extract the list of ready callbacks, disabling to prevent
	 * races with call_rcu() from interrupt handlers.
	 */
	local_irq_save(flags);
	list = rdp->nxtlist;
	rdp->nxtlist = *rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL];
	*rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL] = NULL;
	tail = rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL];
	for (count = RCU_NEXT_SIZE - 1; count >= 0; count--)
		if (rdp->nxttail[count] == rdp->nxttail[RCU_DONE_TAIL])
			rdp->nxttail[count] = &rdp->nxtlist;
	local_irq_restore(flags);

	/* Invoke callbacks. */
	count = 0;
	while (list) {
		next = list->next;
		prefetch(next);
		list->func(list);
		list = next;
		if (++count >= rdp->blimit)
			break;
	}

	local_irq_save(flags);

	/* Update count, and requeue any remaining callbacks. */
	rdp->qlen -= count;
	if (list != NULL) {
		*tail = rdp->nxtlist;
		rdp->nxtlist = list;
		for (count = 0; count < RCU_NEXT_SIZE; count++)
			if (&rdp->nxtlist == rdp->nxttail[count])
				rdp->nxttail[count] = tail;
			else
				break;
	}

	/* Reinstate batch limit if we have worked down the excess. */
	if (rdp->blimit == LONG_MAX && rdp->qlen <= qlowmark)
		rdp->blimit = blimit;

	local_irq_restore(flags);

	/* Re-raise the RCU softirq if there are callbacks remaining. */
	if (cpu_has_callbacks_ready_to_invoke(rdp))
		raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ);
}

/*
 * Check to see if this CPU is in a non-context-switch quiescent state
 * (user mode or idle loop for rcu, non-softirq execution for rcu_bh).
 * Also schedule the RCU softirq handler.
 *
 * This function must be called with hardirqs disabled.  It is normally
 * invoked from the scheduling-clock interrupt.  If rcu_pending returns
 * false, there is no point in invoking rcu_check_callbacks().
 */
void rcu_check_callbacks(int cpu, int user)
{
	if (user ||
	    (idle_cpu(cpu) && rcu_scheduler_active &&
	     !in_softirq() && hardirq_count() <= (1 << HARDIRQ_SHIFT))) {

		/*
		 * Get here if this CPU took its interrupt from user
		 * mode or from the idle loop, and if this is not a
		 * nested interrupt.  In this case, the CPU is in
		 * a quiescent state, so count it.
		 *
		 * No memory barrier is required here because both
		 * rcu_qsctr_inc() and rcu_bh_qsctr_inc() reference
		 * only CPU-local variables that other CPUs neither
		 * access nor modify, at least not while the corresponding
		 * CPU is online.
		 */

		rcu_qsctr_inc(cpu);
		rcu_bh_qsctr_inc(cpu);

	} else if (!in_softirq()) {

		/*
		 * Get here if this CPU did not take its interrupt from
		 * softirq, in other words, if it is not interrupting
		 * a rcu_bh read-side critical section.  This is an _bh
		 * critical section, so count it.
		 */

		rcu_bh_qsctr_inc(cpu);
	}
	raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP

/*
 * Scan the leaf rcu_node structures, processing dyntick state for any that
 * have not yet encountered a quiescent state, using the function specified.
 * Returns 1 if the current grace period ends while scanning (possibly
 * because we made it end).
 */
static int rcu_process_dyntick(struct rcu_state *rsp, long lastcomp,
			       int (*f)(struct rcu_data *))
{
	unsigned long bit;
	int cpu;
	unsigned long flags;
	unsigned long mask;
	struct rcu_node *rnp_cur = rsp->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1];
	struct rcu_node *rnp_end = &rsp->node[NUM_RCU_NODES];

	for (; rnp_cur < rnp_end; rnp_cur++) {
		mask = 0;
		spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp_cur->lock, flags);
		if (rsp->completed != lastcomp) {
			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp_cur->lock, flags);
			return 1;
		}
		if (rnp_cur->qsmask == 0) {
			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp_cur->lock, flags);
			continue;
		}
		cpu = rnp_cur->grplo;
		bit = 1;
		for (; cpu <= rnp_cur->grphi; cpu++, bit <<= 1) {
			if ((rnp_cur->qsmask & bit) != 0 && f(rsp->rda[cpu]))
				mask |= bit;
		}
		if (mask != 0 && rsp->completed == lastcomp) {

			/* cpu_quiet_msk() releases rnp_cur->lock. */
			cpu_quiet_msk(mask, rsp, rnp_cur, flags);
			continue;
		}
		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rnp_cur->lock, flags);
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Force quiescent states on reluctant CPUs, and also detect which
 * CPUs are in dyntick-idle mode.
 */
static void force_quiescent_state(struct rcu_state *rsp, int relaxed)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	long lastcomp;
	struct rcu_node *rnp = rcu_get_root(rsp);
	u8 signaled;

	if (ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed) == ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->gpnum))
		return;  /* No grace period in progress, nothing to force. */
	if (!spin_trylock_irqsave(&rsp->fqslock, flags)) {
		rsp->n_force_qs_lh++; /* Inexact, can lose counts.  Tough! */
		return;	/* Someone else is already on the job. */
	}
	if (relaxed &&
	    (long)(rsp->jiffies_force_qs - jiffies) >= 0)
		goto unlock_ret; /* no emergency and done recently. */
	rsp->n_force_qs++;
	spin_lock(&rnp->lock);
	lastcomp = rsp->completed;
	signaled = rsp->signaled;
	rsp->jiffies_force_qs = jiffies + RCU_JIFFIES_TILL_FORCE_QS;
	if (lastcomp == rsp->gpnum) {
		rsp->n_force_qs_ngp++;
		spin_unlock(&rnp->lock);
		goto unlock_ret;  /* no GP in progress, time updated. */
	}
	spin_unlock(&rnp->lock);
	switch (signaled) {
	case RCU_GP_INIT:

		break; /* grace period still initializing, ignore. */

	case RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK:

		if (RCU_SIGNAL_INIT != RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK)
			break; /* So gcc recognizes the dead code. */

		/* Record dyntick-idle state. */
		if (rcu_process_dyntick(rsp, lastcomp,
					dyntick_save_progress_counter))
			goto unlock_ret;

		/* Update state, record completion counter. */
		spin_lock(&rnp->lock);
		if (lastcomp == rsp->completed) {
			rsp->signaled = RCU_FORCE_QS;
			dyntick_record_completed(rsp, lastcomp);
		}
		spin_unlock(&rnp->lock);
		break;

	case RCU_FORCE_QS:

		/* Check dyntick-idle state, send IPI to laggarts. */
		if (rcu_process_dyntick(rsp, dyntick_recall_completed(rsp),
					rcu_implicit_dynticks_qs))
			goto unlock_ret;

		/* Leave state in case more forcing is required. */

		break;
	}
unlock_ret:
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rsp->fqslock, flags);
}

#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_SMP */

static void force_quiescent_state(struct rcu_state *rsp, int relaxed)
{
	set_need_resched();
}

#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_SMP */

/*
 * This does the RCU processing work from softirq context for the
 * specified rcu_state and rcu_data structures.  This may be called
 * only from the CPU to whom the rdp belongs.
 */
static void
__rcu_process_callbacks(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	/*
	 * If an RCU GP has gone long enough, go check for dyntick
	 * idle CPUs and, if needed, send resched IPIs.
	 */
	if ((long)(ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->jiffies_force_qs) - jiffies) < 0)
		force_quiescent_state(rsp, 1);

	/*
	 * Advance callbacks in response to end of earlier grace
	 * period that some other CPU ended.
	 */
	rcu_process_gp_end(rsp, rdp);

	/* Update RCU state based on any recent quiescent states. */
	rcu_check_quiescent_state(rsp, rdp);

	/* Does this CPU require a not-yet-started grace period? */
	if (cpu_needs_another_gp(rsp, rdp)) {
		spin_lock_irqsave(&rcu_get_root(rsp)->lock, flags);
		rcu_start_gp(rsp, flags);  /* releases above lock */
	}

	/* If there are callbacks ready, invoke them. */
	rcu_do_batch(rdp);
}

/*
 * Do softirq processing for the current CPU.
 */
static void rcu_process_callbacks(struct softirq_action *unused)
{
	/*
	 * Memory references from any prior RCU read-side critical sections
	 * executed by the interrupted code must be seen before any RCU
	 * grace-period manipulations below.
	 */
	smp_mb(); /* See above block comment. */

	__rcu_process_callbacks(&rcu_state, &__get_cpu_var(rcu_data));
	__rcu_process_callbacks(&rcu_bh_state, &__get_cpu_var(rcu_bh_data));

	/*
	 * Memory references from any later RCU read-side critical sections
	 * executed by the interrupted code must be seen after any RCU
	 * grace-period manipulations above.
	 */
	smp_mb(); /* See above block comment. */
}

static void
__call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu),
	   struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	struct rcu_data *rdp;

	head->func = func;
	head->next = NULL;

	smp_mb(); /* Ensure RCU update seen before callback registry. */

	/*
	 * Opportunistically note grace-period endings and beginnings.
	 * Note that we might see a beginning right after we see an
	 * end, but never vice versa, since this CPU has to pass through
	 * a quiescent state betweentimes.
	 */
	local_irq_save(flags);
	rdp = rsp->rda[smp_processor_id()];
	rcu_process_gp_end(rsp, rdp);
	check_for_new_grace_period(rsp, rdp);

	/* Add the callback to our list. */
	*rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL] = head;
	rdp->nxttail[RCU_NEXT_TAIL] = &head->next;

	/* Start a new grace period if one not already started. */
	if (ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed) == ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->gpnum)) {
		unsigned long nestflag;
		struct rcu_node *rnp_root = rcu_get_root(rsp);

		spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp_root->lock, nestflag);
		rcu_start_gp(rsp, nestflag);  /* releases rnp_root->lock. */
	}

	/* Force the grace period if too many callbacks or too long waiting. */
	if (unlikely(++rdp->qlen > qhimark)) {
		rdp->blimit = LONG_MAX;
		force_quiescent_state(rsp, 0);
	} else if ((long)(ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->jiffies_force_qs) - jiffies) < 0)
		force_quiescent_state(rsp, 1);
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * Queue an RCU callback for invocation after a grace period.
 */
void call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
{
	__call_rcu(head, func, &rcu_state);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu);

/*
 * Queue an RCU for invocation after a quicker grace period.
 */
void call_rcu_bh(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
{
	__call_rcu(head, func, &rcu_bh_state);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu_bh);

/*
 * Check to see if there is any immediate RCU-related work to be done
 * by the current CPU, for the specified type of RCU, returning 1 if so.
 * The checks are in order of increasing expense: checks that can be
 * carried out against CPU-local state are performed first.  However,
 * we must check for CPU stalls first, else we might not get a chance.
 */
static int __rcu_pending(struct rcu_state *rsp, struct rcu_data *rdp)
{
	rdp->n_rcu_pending++;

	/* Check for CPU stalls, if enabled. */
	check_cpu_stall(rsp, rdp);

	/* Is the RCU core waiting for a quiescent state from this CPU? */
	if (rdp->qs_pending) {
		rdp->n_rp_qs_pending++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* Does this CPU have callbacks ready to invoke? */
	if (cpu_has_callbacks_ready_to_invoke(rdp)) {
		rdp->n_rp_cb_ready++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* Has RCU gone idle with this CPU needing another grace period? */
	if (cpu_needs_another_gp(rsp, rdp)) {
		rdp->n_rp_cpu_needs_gp++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* Has another RCU grace period completed?  */
	if (ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed) != rdp->completed) { /* outside lock */
		rdp->n_rp_gp_completed++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* Has a new RCU grace period started? */
	if (ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->gpnum) != rdp->gpnum) { /* outside lock */
		rdp->n_rp_gp_started++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* Has an RCU GP gone long enough to send resched IPIs &c? */
	if (ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->completed) != ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->gpnum) &&
	    ((long)(ACCESS_ONCE(rsp->jiffies_force_qs) - jiffies) < 0)) {
		rdp->n_rp_need_fqs++;
		return 1;
	}

	/* nothing to do */
	rdp->n_rp_need_nothing++;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Check to see if there is any immediate RCU-related work to be done
 * by the current CPU, returning 1 if so.  This function is part of the
 * RCU implementation; it is -not- an exported member of the RCU API.
 */
int rcu_pending(int cpu)
{
	return __rcu_pending(&rcu_state, &per_cpu(rcu_data, cpu)) ||
	       __rcu_pending(&rcu_bh_state, &per_cpu(rcu_bh_data, cpu));
}

/*
 * Check to see if any future RCU-related work will need to be done
 * by the current CPU, even if none need be done immediately, returning
 * 1 if so.  This function is part of the RCU implementation; it is -not-
 * an exported member of the RCU API.
 */
int rcu_needs_cpu(int cpu)
{
	/* RCU callbacks either ready or pending? */
	return per_cpu(rcu_data, cpu).nxtlist ||
	       per_cpu(rcu_bh_data, cpu).nxtlist;
}

/*
 * Initialize a CPU's per-CPU RCU data.  We take this "scorched earth"
 * approach so that we don't have to worry about how long the CPU has
 * been gone, or whether it ever was online previously.  We do trust the
 * ->mynode field, as it is constant for a given struct rcu_data and
 * initialized during early boot.
 *
 * Note that only one online or offline event can be happening at a given
 * time.  Note also that we can accept some slop in the rsp->completed
 * access due to the fact that this CPU cannot possibly have any RCU
 * callbacks in flight yet.
 */
static void __cpuinit
rcu_init_percpu_data(int cpu, struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	unsigned long flags;
	int i;
	long lastcomp;
	unsigned long mask;
	struct rcu_data *rdp = rsp->rda[cpu];
	struct rcu_node *rnp = rcu_get_root(rsp);

	/* Set up local state, ensuring consistent view of global state. */
	spin_lock_irqsave(&rnp->lock, flags);
	lastcomp = rsp->completed;
	rdp->completed = lastcomp;
	rdp->gpnum = lastcomp;
	rdp->passed_quiesc = 0;  /* We could be racing with new GP, */
	rdp->qs_pending = 1;	 /*  so set up to respond to current GP. */
	rdp->beenonline = 1;	 /* We have now been online. */
	rdp->passed_quiesc_completed = lastcomp - 1;
	rdp->grpmask = 1UL << (cpu - rdp->mynode->grplo);
	rdp->nxtlist = NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < RCU_NEXT_SIZE; i++)
		rdp->nxttail[i] = &rdp->nxtlist;
	rdp->qlen = 0;
	rdp->blimit = blimit;
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ
	rdp->dynticks = &per_cpu(rcu_dynticks, cpu);
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ */
	rdp->cpu = cpu;
	spin_unlock(&rnp->lock);		/* irqs remain disabled. */

	/*
	 * A new grace period might start here.  If so, we won't be part
	 * of it, but that is OK, as we are currently in a quiescent state.
	 */

	/* Exclude any attempts to start a new GP on large systems. */
	spin_lock(&rsp->onofflock);		/* irqs already disabled. */

	/* Add CPU to rcu_node bitmasks. */
	rnp = rdp->mynode;
	mask = rdp->grpmask;
	do {
		/* Exclude any attempts to start a new GP on small systems. */
		spin_lock(&rnp->lock);	/* irqs already disabled. */
		rnp->qsmaskinit |= mask;
		mask = rnp->grpmask;
		spin_unlock(&rnp->lock); /* irqs already disabled. */
		rnp = rnp->parent;
	} while (rnp != NULL && !(rnp->qsmaskinit & mask));

	spin_unlock(&rsp->onofflock);		/* irqs remain disabled. */

	/*
	 * A new grace period might start here.  If so, we will be part of
	 * it, and its gpnum will be greater than ours, so we will
	 * participate.  It is also possible for the gpnum to have been
	 * incremented before this function was called, and the bitmasks
	 * to not be filled out until now, in which case we will also
	 * participate due to our gpnum being behind.
	 */

	/* Since it is coming online, the CPU is in a quiescent state. */
	cpu_quiet(cpu, rsp, rdp, lastcomp);
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

static void __cpuinit rcu_online_cpu(int cpu)
{
	rcu_init_percpu_data(cpu, &rcu_state);
	rcu_init_percpu_data(cpu, &rcu_bh_state);
	open_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ, rcu_process_callbacks);
}

/*
 * Handle CPU online/offline notifcation events.
 */
static int __cpuinit rcu_cpu_notify(struct notifier_block *self,
				unsigned long action, void *hcpu)
{
	long cpu = (long)hcpu;

	switch (action) {
	case CPU_UP_PREPARE:
	case CPU_UP_PREPARE_FROZEN:
		rcu_online_cpu(cpu);
		break;
	case CPU_DEAD:
	case CPU_DEAD_FROZEN:
	case CPU_UP_CANCELED:
	case CPU_UP_CANCELED_FROZEN:
		rcu_offline_cpu(cpu);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
	return NOTIFY_OK;
}

/*
 * Compute the per-level fanout, either using the exact fanout specified
 * or balancing the tree, depending on CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_EXACT.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_EXACT
static void __init rcu_init_levelspread(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	int i;

	for (i = NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1; i >= 0; i--)
		rsp->levelspread[i] = CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT;
}
#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_EXACT */
static void __init rcu_init_levelspread(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	int ccur;
	int cprv;
	int i;

	cprv = NR_CPUS;
	for (i = NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		ccur = rsp->levelcnt[i];
		rsp->levelspread[i] = (cprv + ccur - 1) / ccur;
		cprv = ccur;
	}
}
#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_EXACT */

/*
 * Helper function for rcu_init() that initializes one rcu_state structure.
 */
static void __init rcu_init_one(struct rcu_state *rsp)
{
	int cpustride = 1;
	int i;
	int j;
	struct rcu_node *rnp;

	/* Initialize the level-tracking arrays. */

	for (i = 1; i < NUM_RCU_LVLS; i++)
		rsp->level[i] = rsp->level[i - 1] + rsp->levelcnt[i - 1];
	rcu_init_levelspread(rsp);

	/* Initialize the elements themselves, starting from the leaves. */

	for (i = NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		cpustride *= rsp->levelspread[i];
		rnp = rsp->level[i];
		for (j = 0; j < rsp->levelcnt[i]; j++, rnp++) {
			spin_lock_init(&rnp->lock);
			rnp->qsmask = 0;
			rnp->qsmaskinit = 0;
			rnp->grplo = j * cpustride;
			rnp->grphi = (j + 1) * cpustride - 1;
			if (rnp->grphi >= NR_CPUS)
				rnp->grphi = NR_CPUS - 1;
			if (i == 0) {
				rnp->grpnum = 0;
				rnp->grpmask = 0;
				rnp->parent = NULL;
			} else {
				rnp->grpnum = j % rsp->levelspread[i - 1];
				rnp->grpmask = 1UL << rnp->grpnum;
				rnp->parent = rsp->level[i - 1] +
					      j / rsp->levelspread[i - 1];
			}
			rnp->level = i;
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Helper macro for __rcu_init().  To be used nowhere else!
 * Assigns leaf node pointers into each CPU's rcu_data structure.
 */
#define RCU_DATA_PTR_INIT(rsp, rcu_data) \
do { \
	rnp = (rsp)->level[NUM_RCU_LVLS - 1]; \
	j = 0; \
	for_each_possible_cpu(i) { \
		if (i > rnp[j].grphi) \
			j++; \
		per_cpu(rcu_data, i).mynode = &rnp[j]; \
		(rsp)->rda[i] = &per_cpu(rcu_data, i); \
	} \
} while (0)

static struct notifier_block __cpuinitdata rcu_nb = {
	.notifier_call	= rcu_cpu_notify,
};

void __init __rcu_init(void)
{
	int i;			/* All used by RCU_DATA_PTR_INIT(). */
	int j;
	struct rcu_node *rnp;

	printk(KERN_INFO "Hierarchical RCU implementation.\n");
#ifdef CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR
	printk(KERN_INFO "RCU-based detection of stalled CPUs is enabled.\n");
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR */
	rcu_init_one(&rcu_state);
	RCU_DATA_PTR_INIT(&rcu_state, rcu_data);
	rcu_init_one(&rcu_bh_state);
	RCU_DATA_PTR_INIT(&rcu_bh_state, rcu_bh_data);

	for_each_online_cpu(i)
		rcu_cpu_notify(&rcu_nb, CPU_UP_PREPARE, (void *)(long)i);
	/* Register notifier for non-boot CPUs */
	register_cpu_notifier(&rcu_nb);
}

module_param(blimit, int, 0);
module_param(qhimark, int, 0);
module_param(qlowmark, int, 0);