Second Patch for async RenderEngine

- pass a vector of <LayerSettings> instead of a vector of pointers to
drawLayers function to ensure lifecycle safety.
- capture all local variables to call drawLayerInternals in the render
engine thread to avoid of pointers being invalidated if it takes long
time to pop mFunctions calls.
- change renderScreenImplLocked return type as a shared_future
object to unblock SF main thread for screen capture events.
- block region sampling thread only when SF main thread hasn't
completed capture screen event.

Bug: 180657548
Test: SurfaceFlinger_test, android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-vts, libcompositionengine_test, librenderengine_test, libsurfaceflinger_unittest pass
Change-Id: I615f2927d30524988fb12df22fe331e7217c3058

31 files changed, 513 insertions, 457 deletions

diff --git a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
index 2174df5515..a9ea690a7c 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ void RenderEngine::validateOutputBufferUsage(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
 }
 
 std::future<RenderEngineResult> RenderEngine::drawLayers(
-        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     const auto resultPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>();
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
index 2375cb7bf1..22dd86698b 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ EGLImageKHR GLESRenderEngine::createFramebufferImageIfNeeded(ANativeWindowBuffer
 
 void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
         const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
-        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -1110,10 +1110,10 @@ void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
     std::unique_ptr<BindNativeBufferAsFramebuffer> fbo;
     // Gathering layers that requested blur, we'll need them to decide when to render to an
     // offscreen buffer, and when to render to the native buffer.
-    std::deque<const LayerSettings*> blurLayers;
+    std::deque<const LayerSettings> blurLayers;
     if (CC_LIKELY(mBlurFilter != nullptr)) {
-        for (auto layer : layers) {
-            if (layer->backgroundBlurRadius > 0) {
+        for (const auto& layer : layers) {
+            if (layer.backgroundBlurRadius > 0) {
                 blurLayers.push_back(layer);
             }
         }
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
     } else {
         setViewportAndProjection(display.physicalDisplay, display.clip);
         auto status =
-                mBlurFilter->setAsDrawTarget(display, blurLayers.front()->backgroundBlurRadius);
+                mBlurFilter->setAsDrawTarget(display, blurLayers.front().backgroundBlurRadius);
         if (status != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGE("Failed to prepare blur filter! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
                   buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
                         .setTexCoords(2 /* size */)
                         .setCropCoords(2 /* size */)
                         .build();
-    for (auto const layer : layers) {
+    for (const auto& layer : layers) {
         if (blurLayers.size() > 0 && blurLayers.front() == layer) {
             blurLayers.pop_front();
 
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
                 // There's still something else to blur, so let's keep rendering to our FBO
                 // instead of to the display.
                 status = mBlurFilter->setAsDrawTarget(display,
-                                                      blurLayers.front()->backgroundBlurRadius);
+                                                      blurLayers.front().backgroundBlurRadius);
             }
             if (status != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("Failed to bind framebuffer! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
@@ -1214,42 +1214,42 @@ void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
         }
 
         // Ensure luminance is at least 100 nits to avoid div-by-zero
-        const float maxLuminance = std::max(100.f, layer->source.buffer.maxLuminanceNits);
+        const float maxLuminance = std::max(100.f, layer.source.buffer.maxLuminanceNits);
         mState.maxMasteringLuminance = maxLuminance;
         mState.maxContentLuminance = maxLuminance;
-        mState.projectionMatrix = projectionMatrix * layer->geometry.positionTransform;
+        mState.projectionMatrix = projectionMatrix * layer.geometry.positionTransform;
 
-        const FloatRect bounds = layer->geometry.boundaries;
+        const FloatRect bounds = layer.geometry.boundaries;
         Mesh::VertexArray<vec2> position(mesh.getPositionArray<vec2>());
         position[0] = vec2(bounds.left, bounds.top);
         position[1] = vec2(bounds.left, bounds.bottom);
         position[2] = vec2(bounds.right, bounds.bottom);
         position[3] = vec2(bounds.right, bounds.top);
 
-        setupLayerCropping(*layer, mesh);
-        setColorTransform(layer->colorTransform);
+        setupLayerCropping(layer, mesh);
+        setColorTransform(layer.colorTransform);
 
         bool usePremultipliedAlpha = true;
         bool disableTexture = true;
         bool isOpaque = false;
-        if (layer->source.buffer.buffer != nullptr) {
+        if (layer.source.buffer.buffer != nullptr) {
             disableTexture = false;
-            isOpaque = layer->source.buffer.isOpaque;
+            isOpaque = layer.source.buffer.isOpaque;
 
-            sp<GraphicBuffer> gBuf = layer->source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer();
+            sp<GraphicBuffer> gBuf = layer.source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer();
             validateInputBufferUsage(gBuf);
-            bindExternalTextureBuffer(layer->source.buffer.textureName, gBuf,
-                                      layer->source.buffer.fence);
+            bindExternalTextureBuffer(layer.source.buffer.textureName, gBuf,
+                                      layer.source.buffer.fence);
 
-            usePremultipliedAlpha = layer->source.buffer.usePremultipliedAlpha;
-            Texture texture(Texture::TEXTURE_EXTERNAL, layer->source.buffer.textureName);
-            mat4 texMatrix = layer->source.buffer.textureTransform;
+            usePremultipliedAlpha = layer.source.buffer.usePremultipliedAlpha;
+            Texture texture(Texture::TEXTURE_EXTERNAL, layer.source.buffer.textureName);
+            mat4 texMatrix = layer.source.buffer.textureTransform;
 
             texture.setMatrix(texMatrix.asArray());
-            texture.setFiltering(layer->source.buffer.useTextureFiltering);
+            texture.setFiltering(layer.source.buffer.useTextureFiltering);
 
             texture.setDimensions(gBuf->getWidth(), gBuf->getHeight());
-            setSourceY410BT2020(layer->source.buffer.isY410BT2020);
+            setSourceY410BT2020(layer.source.buffer.isY410BT2020);
 
             renderengine::Mesh::VertexArray<vec2> texCoords(mesh.getTexCoordArray<vec2>());
             texCoords[0] = vec2(0.0, 0.0);
@@ -1264,32 +1264,32 @@ void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
             }
         }
 
-        const half3 solidColor = layer->source.solidColor;
-        const half4 color = half4(solidColor.r, solidColor.g, solidColor.b, layer->alpha);
+        const half3 solidColor = layer.source.solidColor;
+        const half4 color = half4(solidColor.r, solidColor.g, solidColor.b, layer.alpha);
         // Buffer sources will have a black solid color ignored in the shader,
         // so in that scenario the solid color passed here is arbitrary.
         setupLayerBlending(usePremultipliedAlpha, isOpaque, disableTexture, color,
-                           layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
-        if (layer->disableBlending) {
+                           layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
+        if (layer.disableBlending) {
             glDisable(GL_BLEND);
         }
-        setSourceDataSpace(layer->sourceDataspace);
+        setSourceDataSpace(layer.sourceDataspace);
 
-        if (layer->shadow.length > 0.0f) {
-            handleShadow(layer->geometry.boundaries, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius,
-                         layer->shadow);
+        if (layer.shadow.length > 0.0f) {
+            handleShadow(layer.geometry.boundaries, layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius,
+                         layer.shadow);
         }
         // We only want to do a special handling for rounded corners when having rounded corners
         // is the only reason it needs to turn on blending, otherwise, we handle it like the
         // usual way since it needs to turn on blending anyway.
-        else if (layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius > 0.0 && color.a >= 1.0f && isOpaque) {
-            handleRoundedCorners(display, *layer, mesh);
+        else if (layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius > 0.0 && color.a >= 1.0f && isOpaque) {
+            handleRoundedCorners(display, layer, mesh);
         } else {
             drawMesh(mesh);
         }
 
         // Cleanup if there's a buffer source
-        if (layer->source.buffer.buffer != nullptr) {
+        if (layer.source.buffer.buffer != nullptr) {
             disableBlending();
             setSourceY410BT2020(false);
             disableTexturing();
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
index c4adfdf752..1d7c2cafb5 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ protected:
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
     void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
                             const DisplaySettings& display,
-                            const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                            const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
                             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                             const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index 701c1f2071..b9cc6485e5 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ public:
     // @return A future object of RenderEngineResult struct indicating whether
     // drawing was successful in async mode.
     virtual std::future<RenderEngineResult> drawLayers(
-            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
             base::unique_fd&& bufferFence);
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ protected:
 
     virtual void drawLayersInternal(
             const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
-            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
             base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) = 0;
 };
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
index a7e6809223..248bd652c0 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ public:
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(canSkipPostRenderCleanup, bool());
     MOCK_METHOD5(drawLayers,
                  std::future<RenderEngineResult>(const DisplaySettings&,
-                                                 const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>&,
+                                                 const std::vector<LayerSettings>&,
                                                  const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&,
                                                  const bool, base::unique_fd&&));
     MOCK_METHOD6(drawLayersInternal,
                  void(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&&,
-                      const DisplaySettings&, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>&,
+                      const DisplaySettings&, const std::vector<LayerSettings>&,
                       const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&));
     MOCK_METHOD0(cleanFramebufferCache, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(getContextPriority, int());
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
index c4fa1bb091..b18a872836 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ static void drawShadowLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettin
             .alpha = 1,
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer, &caster};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer, caster};
     // Four combinations of settings are used (two transforms here, and drawShadowLayers is
     // called with two different destination data spaces) They're all rounded rect.
     // Three of these are cache misses that generate new shaders.
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ static void drawImageLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySetting
                                           }},
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
     for (auto dataspace : {kDestDataSpace, kOtherDataSpace}) {
         layer.sourceDataspace = dataspace;
         // Cache shaders for both rects and round rects.
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ static void drawSolidLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySetting
             .alpha = 0.5,
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
     for (auto transform : {mat4(), kScaleAndTranslate}) {
         layer.geometry.positionTransform = transform;
         for (float roundedCornersRadius : {0.0f, 50.f}) {
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ static void drawBlurLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettings
             .skipContentDraw = true,
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
     // Different blur code is invoked for radii less and greater than 30 pixels
     for (int radius : {9, 60}) {
         layer.backgroundBlurRadius = radius;
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ static void drawClippedLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySetti
                     },
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
     for (auto pixelSource : {bufferSource, bufferOpaque, colorSource}) {
         layer.source = pixelSource;
         for (auto dataspace : {kDestDataSpace, kOtherDataSpace}) {
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ static void drawPIPImageLayer(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySetti
 
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
     renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd());
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ static void drawHolePunchLayer(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySett
 
     };
 
-    auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
     renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd());
 }
 
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ void Cache::primeShaderCache(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine) {
         LayerSettings layer{
                 .source = PixelSource{.solidColor = half3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f)},
         };
-        auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
+        auto layers = std::vector<LayerSettings>{layer};
         // call get() to make it synchronous
         renderengine
                 ->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd())
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index cb686a643a..d5ec774e9c 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -610,17 +610,18 @@ private:
     AutoBackendTexture::CleanupManager& mMgr;
 };
 
-sk_sp<SkShader> SkiaGLRenderEngine::createRuntimeEffectShader(
-        sk_sp<SkShader> shader,
-        const LayerSettings* layer, const DisplaySettings& display, bool undoPremultipliedAlpha,
-        bool requiresLinearEffect) {
-    const auto stretchEffect = layer->stretchEffect;
+sk_sp<SkShader> SkiaGLRenderEngine::createRuntimeEffectShader(sk_sp<SkShader> shader,
+                                                              const LayerSettings& layer,
+                                                              const DisplaySettings& display,
+                                                              bool undoPremultipliedAlpha,
+                                                              bool requiresLinearEffect) {
+    const auto stretchEffect = layer.stretchEffect;
     // The given surface will be stretched by HWUI via matrix transformation
     // which gets similar results for most surfaces
     // Determine later on if we need to leverage the stertch shader within
     // surface flinger
     if (stretchEffect.hasEffect()) {
-        const auto targetBuffer = layer->source.buffer.buffer;
+        const auto targetBuffer = layer.source.buffer.buffer;
         const auto graphicBuffer = targetBuffer ? targetBuffer->getBuffer() : nullptr;
         if (graphicBuffer && shader) {
             shader = mStretchShaderFactory.createSkShader(shader, stretchEffect);
@@ -629,7 +630,7 @@ sk_sp<SkShader> SkiaGLRenderEngine::createRuntimeEffectShader(
 
     if (requiresLinearEffect) {
         const ui::Dataspace inputDataspace =
-                mUseColorManagement ? layer->sourceDataspace : ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
+                mUseColorManagement ? layer.sourceDataspace : ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
         const ui::Dataspace outputDataspace =
                 mUseColorManagement ? display.outputDataspace : ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
@@ -645,13 +646,13 @@ sk_sp<SkShader> SkiaGLRenderEngine::createRuntimeEffectShader(
         } else {
             runtimeEffect = effectIter->second;
         }
-        float maxLuminance = layer->source.buffer.maxLuminanceNits;
+        float maxLuminance = layer.source.buffer.maxLuminanceNits;
         // If the buffer doesn't have a max luminance, treat it as SDR & use the display's SDR
         // white point
         if (maxLuminance <= 0.f) {
             maxLuminance = display.sdrWhitePointNits;
         }
-        return createLinearEffectShader(shader, effect, runtimeEffect, layer->colorTransform,
+        return createLinearEffectShader(shader, effect, runtimeEffect, layer.colorTransform,
                                         display.maxLuminance, maxLuminance);
     }
     return shader;
@@ -729,7 +730,7 @@ static SkRRect getBlurRRect(const BlurRegion& region) {
 
 void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
         const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
-        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_NAME("SkiaGL::drawLayers");
@@ -801,11 +802,11 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
             if (!layerHasBlur(layer, ctModifiesAlpha)) {
                 continue;
             }
-            if (layer->backgroundBlurRadius > 0 &&
-                layer->backgroundBlurRadius < BlurFilter::kMaxCrossFadeRadius) {
+            if (layer.backgroundBlurRadius > 0 &&
+                layer.backgroundBlurRadius < BlurFilter::kMaxCrossFadeRadius) {
                 requiresCompositionLayer = true;
             }
-            for (auto region : layer->blurRegions) {
+            for (auto region : layer.blurRegions) {
                 if (region.blurRadius < BlurFilter::kMaxCrossFadeRadius) {
                     requiresCompositionLayer = true;
                 }
@@ -813,7 +814,7 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
             if (requiresCompositionLayer) {
                 activeSurface = dstSurface->makeSurface(dstSurface->imageInfo());
                 canvas = mCapture->tryOffscreenCapture(activeSurface.get(), &offscreenCaptureState);
-                blurCompositionLayer = layer;
+                blurCompositionLayer = &layer;
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -825,11 +826,11 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
     initCanvas(canvas, display);
 
     for (const auto& layer : layers) {
-        ATRACE_FORMAT("DrawLayer: %s", layer->name.c_str());
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("DrawLayer: %s", layer.name.c_str());
 
         if (kPrintLayerSettings) {
             std::stringstream ls;
-            PrintTo(*layer, &ls);
+            PrintTo(layer, &ls);
             auto debugs = ls.str();
             int pos = 0;
             while (pos < debugs.size()) {
@@ -839,7 +840,7 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
         }
 
         sk_sp<SkImage> blurInput;
-        if (blurCompositionLayer == layer) {
+        if (blurCompositionLayer == &layer) {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(activeSurface == dstSurface);
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(canvas == dstCanvas);
 
@@ -878,17 +879,17 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
         if (CC_UNLIKELY(mCapture->isCaptureRunning())) {
             // Record the name of the layer if the capture is running.
             std::stringstream layerSettings;
-            PrintTo(*layer, &layerSettings);
+            PrintTo(layer, &layerSettings);
             // Store the LayerSettings in additional information.
-            canvas->drawAnnotation(SkRect::MakeEmpty(), layer->name.c_str(),
+            canvas->drawAnnotation(SkRect::MakeEmpty(), layer.name.c_str(),
                                    SkData::MakeWithCString(layerSettings.str().c_str()));
         }
         // Layers have a local transform that should be applied to them
-        canvas->concat(getSkM44(layer->geometry.positionTransform).asM33());
+        canvas->concat(getSkM44(layer.geometry.positionTransform).asM33());
 
         const auto [bounds, roundRectClip] =
-                getBoundsAndClip(layer->geometry.boundaries, layer->geometry.roundedCornersCrop,
-                                 layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
+                getBoundsAndClip(layer.geometry.boundaries, layer.geometry.roundedCornersCrop,
+                                 layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
         if (mBlurFilter && layerHasBlur(layer, ctModifiesAlpha)) {
             std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sk_sp<SkImage>> cachedBlurs;
 
@@ -909,20 +910,19 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
 
             // TODO(b/182216890): Filter out empty layers earlier
             if (blurRect.width() > 0 && blurRect.height() > 0) {
-                if (layer->backgroundBlurRadius > 0) {
+                if (layer.backgroundBlurRadius > 0) {
                     ATRACE_NAME("BackgroundBlur");
-                    auto blurredImage =
-                            mBlurFilter->generate(grContext, layer->backgroundBlurRadius, blurInput,
-                                                  blurRect);
+                    auto blurredImage = mBlurFilter->generate(grContext, layer.backgroundBlurRadius,
+                                                              blurInput, blurRect);
 
-                    cachedBlurs[layer->backgroundBlurRadius] = blurredImage;
+                    cachedBlurs[layer.backgroundBlurRadius] = blurredImage;
 
-                    mBlurFilter->drawBlurRegion(canvas, bounds, layer->backgroundBlurRadius, 1.0f,
+                    mBlurFilter->drawBlurRegion(canvas, bounds, layer.backgroundBlurRadius, 1.0f,
                                                 blurRect, blurredImage, blurInput);
                 }
 
-                canvas->concat(getSkM44(layer->blurRegionTransform).asM33());
-                for (auto region : layer->blurRegions) {
+                canvas->concat(getSkM44(layer.blurRegionTransform).asM33());
+                for (auto region : layer.blurRegions) {
                     if (cachedBlurs[region.blurRadius] == nullptr) {
                         ATRACE_NAME("BlurRegion");
                         cachedBlurs[region.blurRadius] =
@@ -937,19 +937,18 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
             }
         }
 
-        if (layer->shadow.length > 0) {
+        if (layer.shadow.length > 0) {
             // This would require a new parameter/flag to SkShadowUtils::DrawShadow
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(layer->disableBlending, "Cannot disableBlending with a shadow");
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(layer.disableBlending, "Cannot disableBlending with a shadow");
 
             SkRRect shadowBounds, shadowClip;
-            if (layer->geometry.boundaries == layer->shadow.boundaries) {
+            if (layer.geometry.boundaries == layer.shadow.boundaries) {
                 shadowBounds = bounds;
                 shadowClip = roundRectClip;
             } else {
                 std::tie(shadowBounds, shadowClip) =
-                        getBoundsAndClip(layer->shadow.boundaries,
-                                         layer->geometry.roundedCornersCrop,
-                                         layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
+                        getBoundsAndClip(layer.shadow.boundaries, layer.geometry.roundedCornersCrop,
+                                         layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
             }
 
             // Technically, if bounds is a rect and roundRectClip is not empty,
@@ -960,18 +959,18 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
             // looks more like the intent.
             const auto& rrect =
                     shadowBounds.isRect() && !shadowClip.isEmpty() ? shadowClip : shadowBounds;
-            drawShadow(canvas, rrect, layer->shadow);
+            drawShadow(canvas, rrect, layer.shadow);
         }
 
-        const bool requiresLinearEffect = layer->colorTransform != mat4() ||
+        const bool requiresLinearEffect = layer.colorTransform != mat4() ||
                 (mUseColorManagement &&
-                 needsToneMapping(layer->sourceDataspace, display.outputDataspace)) ||
+                 needsToneMapping(layer.sourceDataspace, display.outputDataspace)) ||
                 (display.sdrWhitePointNits > 0.f &&
                  display.sdrWhitePointNits != display.maxLuminance);
 
         // quick abort from drawing the remaining portion of the layer
-        if (layer->skipContentDraw ||
-            (layer->alpha == 0 && !requiresLinearEffect && !layer->disableBlending &&
+        if (layer.skipContentDraw ||
+            (layer.alpha == 0 && !requiresLinearEffect && !layer.disableBlending &&
              (!displayColorTransform || displayColorTransform->isAlphaUnchanged()))) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -981,13 +980,13 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
         // management is a no-op.
         const ui::Dataspace layerDataspace = (!mUseColorManagement || requiresLinearEffect)
                 ? dstDataspace
-                : layer->sourceDataspace;
+                : layer.sourceDataspace;
 
         SkPaint paint;
-        if (layer->source.buffer.buffer) {
+        if (layer.source.buffer.buffer) {
             ATRACE_NAME("DrawImage");
-            validateInputBufferUsage(layer->source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer());
-            const auto& item = layer->source.buffer;
+            validateInputBufferUsage(layer.source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer());
+            const auto& item = layer.source.buffer;
             std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> imageTextureRef = nullptr;
 
             if (const auto& iter = cache.find(item.buffer->getBuffer()->getId());
@@ -1006,8 +1005,8 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
 
             // if the layer's buffer has a fence, then we must must respect the fence prior to using
             // the buffer.
-            if (layer->source.buffer.fence != nullptr) {
-                waitFence(layer->source.buffer.fence->get());
+            if (layer.source.buffer.fence != nullptr) {
+                waitFence(layer.source.buffer.fence->get());
             }
 
             // isOpaque means we need to ignore the alpha in the image,
@@ -1051,7 +1050,7 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
 
             sk_sp<SkShader> shader;
 
-            if (layer->source.buffer.useTextureFiltering) {
+            if (layer.source.buffer.useTextureFiltering) {
                 shader = image->makeShader(SkTileMode::kClamp, SkTileMode::kClamp,
                                            SkSamplingOptions(
                                                    {SkFilterMode::kLinear, SkMipmapMode::kNone}),
@@ -1069,21 +1068,21 @@ void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
             paint.setShader(createRuntimeEffectShader(shader, layer, display,
                                                       !item.isOpaque && item.usePremultipliedAlpha,
                                                       requiresLinearEffect));
-            paint.setAlphaf(layer->alpha);
+            paint.setAlphaf(layer.alpha);
         } else {
             ATRACE_NAME("DrawColor");
-            const auto color = layer->source.solidColor;
+            const auto color = layer.source.solidColor;
             sk_sp<SkShader> shader = SkShaders::Color(SkColor4f{.fR = color.r,
                                                                 .fG = color.g,
                                                                 .fB = color.b,
-                                                                .fA = layer->alpha},
+                                                                .fA = layer.alpha},
                                                       toSkColorSpace(layerDataspace));
             paint.setShader(createRuntimeEffectShader(shader, layer, display,
                                                       /* undoPremultipliedAlpha */ false,
                                                       requiresLinearEffect));
         }
 
-        if (layer->disableBlending) {
+        if (layer.disableBlending) {
             paint.setBlendMode(SkBlendMode::kSrc);
         }
 
@@ -1251,13 +1250,13 @@ inline std::pair<SkRRect, SkRRect> SkiaGLRenderEngine::getBoundsAndClip(const Fl
     return {SkRRect::MakeRect(bounds), clip};
 }
 
-inline bool SkiaGLRenderEngine::layerHasBlur(const LayerSettings* layer,
+inline bool SkiaGLRenderEngine::layerHasBlur(const LayerSettings& layer,
                                              bool colorTransformModifiesAlpha) {
-    if (layer->backgroundBlurRadius > 0 || layer->blurRegions.size()) {
+    if (layer.backgroundBlurRadius > 0 || layer.blurRegions.size()) {
         // return false if the content is opaque and would therefore occlude the blur
-        const bool opaqueContent = !layer->source.buffer.buffer || layer->source.buffer.isOpaque;
-        const bool opaqueAlpha = layer->alpha == 1.0f && !colorTransformModifiesAlpha;
-        return layer->skipContentDraw || !(opaqueContent && opaqueAlpha);
+        const bool opaqueContent = !layer.source.buffer.buffer || layer.source.buffer.isOpaque;
+        const bool opaqueAlpha = layer.alpha == 1.0f && !colorTransformModifiesAlpha;
+        return layer.skipContentDraw || !(opaqueContent && opaqueAlpha);
     }
     return false;
 }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
index e010c35c13..74ce6513e9 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ protected:
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
     void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
                             const DisplaySettings& display,
-                            const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                            const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
                             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                             const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ private:
     inline SkRect getSkRect(const Rect& layer);
     inline std::pair<SkRRect, SkRRect> getBoundsAndClip(const FloatRect& bounds,
                                                         const FloatRect& crop, float cornerRadius);
-    inline bool layerHasBlur(const LayerSettings* layer, bool colorTransformModifiesAlpha);
+    inline bool layerHasBlur(const LayerSettings& layer, bool colorTransformModifiesAlpha);
     inline SkColor getSkColor(const vec4& color);
     inline SkM44 getSkM44(const mat4& matrix);
     inline SkPoint3 getSkPoint3(const vec3& vector);
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ private:
                     const ShadowSettings& shadowSettings);
     // If requiresLinearEffect is true or the layer has a stretchEffect a new shader is returned.
     // Otherwise it returns the input shader.
-    sk_sp<SkShader> createRuntimeEffectShader(sk_sp<SkShader> shader,
-                                              const LayerSettings* layer,
+    sk_sp<SkShader> createRuntimeEffectShader(sk_sp<SkShader> shader, const LayerSettings& layer,
                                               const DisplaySettings& display,
                                               bool undoPremultipliedAlpha,
                                               bool requiresLinearEffect);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index f61653b940..eb65e83324 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ protected:
 
     virtual void drawLayersInternal(
             const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
-            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
             base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override {
         resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
index 694bda65d4..c2c05f41b7 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
@@ -417,10 +417,11 @@ public:
                     DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT - DEFAULT_DISPLAY_OFFSET);
     }
 
-    void invokeDraw(renderengine::DisplaySettings settings,
-                    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers) {
+    void invokeDraw(const renderengine::DisplaySettings& settings,
+                    const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers) {
         std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
                 mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd());
+
         ASSERT_TRUE(result.valid());
         auto [status, fence] = result.get();
 
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ public:
 
     void drawEmptyLayers() {
         renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
-        std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+        std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
         invokeDraw(settings, layers);
     }
 
@@ -629,7 +630,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBuffer(half r, half g, half b, half a) {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -637,7 +638,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBuffer(half r, half g, half b, half a) {
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layer, r, g, b, this);
     layer.alpha = a;
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -673,7 +674,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedOffsetBuffer() {
     settings.physicalDisplay = offsetRect();
     settings.clip = offsetRectAtZero();
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -681,7 +682,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedOffsetBuffer() {
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
 
@@ -708,7 +709,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferCheckers(uint32_t orientationFlag) {
     settings.clip = Rect(2, 2);
     settings.orientation = orientationFlag;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layerOne;
     layerOne.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -731,9 +732,9 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferCheckers(uint32_t orientationFlag) {
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layerThree, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, this);
     layerThree.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&layerOne);
-    layers.push_back(&layerTwo);
-    layers.push_back(&layerThree);
+    layers.push_back(layerOne);
+    layers.push_back(layerTwo);
+    layers.push_back(layerThree);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -810,7 +811,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferWithLayerTransform() {
     settings.clip = Rect(2, 2);
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -821,7 +822,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferWithLayerTransform() {
     layer.source.solidColor = half3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
     layer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -843,7 +844,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferWithColorTransform() {
     settings.clip = Rect(1, 1);
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -860,7 +861,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferWithColorTransform() {
     layer.alpha = 1.0f;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = Rect(1, 1).toFloatRect();
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -877,7 +878,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferWithColorTransformZeroLayerAlpha() {
     settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
     settings.clip = Rect(1, 1);
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = Rect(1, 1).toFloatRect();
@@ -890,7 +891,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferWithColorTransformZeroLayerAlpha() {
 
     layer.geometry.boundaries = Rect(1, 1).toFloatRect();
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -908,7 +909,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferWithRoundedCorners() {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -918,7 +919,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferWithRoundedCorners() {
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -949,14 +950,14 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferAndBlurBackground() {
     settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings backgroundLayer;
     backgroundLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
     backgroundLayer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
     SourceVariant::fillColor(backgroundLayer, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, this);
     backgroundLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
-    layers.push_back(&backgroundLayer);
+    layers.emplace_back(backgroundLayer);
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings leftLayer;
     leftLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -964,7 +965,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferAndBlurBackground() {
             Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH / 2, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT).toFloatRect();
     SourceVariant::fillColor(leftLayer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     leftLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
-    layers.push_back(&leftLayer);
+    layers.emplace_back(leftLayer);
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings blurLayer;
     blurLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -972,7 +973,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillBufferAndBlurBackground() {
     blurLayer.backgroundBlurRadius = blurRadius;
     SourceVariant::fillColor(blurLayer, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, this);
     blurLayer.alpha = 0;
-    layers.push_back(&blurLayer);
+    layers.emplace_back(blurLayer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 
@@ -994,14 +995,14 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillSmallLayerAndBlurBackground() {
     settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings backgroundLayer;
     backgroundLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
     backgroundLayer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
     SourceVariant::fillColor(backgroundLayer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     backgroundLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
-    layers.push_back(&backgroundLayer);
+    layers.push_back(backgroundLayer);
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings blurLayer;
     blurLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1009,7 +1010,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillSmallLayerAndBlurBackground() {
     blurLayer.backgroundBlurRadius = blurRadius;
     SourceVariant::fillColor(blurLayer, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, this);
     blurLayer.alpha = 0;
-    layers.push_back(&blurLayer);
+    layers.push_back(blurLayer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 
@@ -1026,7 +1027,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::overlayCorners() {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layersFirst;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layersFirst;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layerOne;
     layerOne.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1035,14 +1036,14 @@ void RenderEngineTest::overlayCorners() {
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layerOne, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layerOne.alpha = 0.2;
 
-    layersFirst.push_back(&layerOne);
+    layersFirst.push_back(layerOne);
     invokeDraw(settings, layersFirst);
     expectBufferColor(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH / 3, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 3), 51, 0, 0, 51);
     expectBufferColor(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH / 3 + 1, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 3 + 1,
                            DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                       0, 0, 0, 0);
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layersSecond;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layersSecond;
     renderengine::LayerSettings layerTwo;
     layerTwo.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
     layerTwo.geometry.boundaries =
@@ -1051,7 +1052,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::overlayCorners() {
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layerTwo, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layerTwo.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layersSecond.push_back(&layerTwo);
+    layersSecond.push_back(layerTwo);
     invokeDraw(settings, layersSecond);
 
     expectBufferColor(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH / 3, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 3), 0, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -1066,7 +1067,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferTextureTransform() {
     settings.clip = Rect(1, 1);
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1102,7 +1103,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferTextureTransform() {
     layer.alpha = 1.0f;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = Rect(1, 1).toFloatRect();
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -1118,7 +1119,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferWithPremultiplyAlpha() {
     // Here logical space is 1x1
     settings.clip = Rect(1, 1);
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     const auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
@@ -1141,7 +1142,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferWithPremultiplyAlpha() {
     layer.alpha = 0.5f;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = Rect(1, 1).toFloatRect();
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -1157,7 +1158,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferWithoutPremultiplyAlpha() {
     // Here logical space is 1x1
     settings.clip = Rect(1, 1);
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     const auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
@@ -1180,7 +1181,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::fillRedBufferWithoutPremultiplyAlpha() {
     layer.alpha = 0.5f;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = Rect(1, 1).toFloatRect();
 
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -1199,7 +1200,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::drawShadow(const renderengine::LayerSettings& castingLaye
     settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     // add background layer
     renderengine::LayerSettings bgLayer;
@@ -1208,7 +1209,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::drawShadow(const renderengine::LayerSettings& castingLaye
     ColorSourceVariant::fillColor(bgLayer, backgroundColor.r / 255.0f, backgroundColor.g / 255.0f,
                                   backgroundColor.b / 255.0f, this);
     bgLayer.alpha = backgroundColor.a / 255.0f;
-    layers.push_back(&bgLayer);
+    layers.push_back(bgLayer);
 
     // add shadow layer
     renderengine::LayerSettings shadowLayer;
@@ -1216,14 +1217,14 @@ void RenderEngineTest::drawShadow(const renderengine::LayerSettings& castingLaye
     shadowLayer.geometry.boundaries = castingLayer.geometry.boundaries;
     shadowLayer.alpha = castingLayer.alpha;
     shadowLayer.shadow = shadow;
-    layers.push_back(&shadowLayer);
+    layers.push_back(shadowLayer);
 
     // add layer casting the shadow
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer = castingLayer;
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
     SourceVariant::fillColor(layer, casterColor.r / 255.0f, casterColor.g / 255.0f,
                              casterColor.b / 255.0f, this);
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -1236,7 +1237,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::drawShadowWithoutCaster(const FloatRect& castingBounds,
     settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     // add background layer
     renderengine::LayerSettings bgLayer;
@@ -1245,7 +1246,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::drawShadowWithoutCaster(const FloatRect& castingBounds,
     ColorSourceVariant::fillColor(bgLayer, backgroundColor.r / 255.0f, backgroundColor.g / 255.0f,
                                   backgroundColor.b / 255.0f, this);
     bgLayer.alpha = backgroundColor.a / 255.0f;
-    layers.push_back(&bgLayer);
+    layers.push_back(bgLayer);
 
     // add shadow layer
     renderengine::LayerSettings shadowLayer;
@@ -1255,7 +1256,7 @@ void RenderEngineTest::drawShadowWithoutCaster(const FloatRect& castingBounds,
     shadowLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
     ColorSourceVariant::fillColor(shadowLayer, 0, 0, 0, this);
     shadowLayer.shadow = shadow;
-    layers.push_back(&shadowLayer);
+    layers.push_back(shadowLayer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 }
@@ -1291,8 +1292,8 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_withoutBuffers_withColorTransform) {
     // Transform the red color.
     bgLayer.colorTransform = mat4(-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
-    layers.push_back(&bgLayer);
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
+    layers.push_back(bgLayer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 
@@ -1306,11 +1307,11 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_nullOutputBuffer) {
 
     renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
     BufferSourceVariant<ForceOpaqueBufferVariant>::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
     std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
             mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, nullptr, true, base::unique_fd());
 
@@ -1335,12 +1336,12 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_doesNotCacheFramebuffer) {
     settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
     BufferSourceVariant<ForceOpaqueBufferVariant>::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layer.alpha = 1.0;
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
             mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, false, base::unique_fd());
@@ -1743,12 +1744,12 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, cleanupPostRender_cleansUpOnce) {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
     layer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
     BufferSourceVariant<ForceOpaqueBufferVariant>::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layer.alpha = 1.0;
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
+    layers.push_back(layer);
 
     std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> resultOne =
             mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd());
@@ -1779,7 +1780,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersCrop) {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings redLayer;
     redLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1790,7 +1791,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersCrop) {
     redLayer.source.solidColor = half3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
     redLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&redLayer);
+    layers.push_back(redLayer);
 
     // Green layer with 1/3 size.
     renderengine::LayerSettings greenLayer;
@@ -1805,7 +1806,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersCrop) {
     greenLayer.source.solidColor = half3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
     greenLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&greenLayer);
+    layers.push_back(greenLayer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 
@@ -1828,7 +1829,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCrop) {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings redLayer;
     redLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1839,7 +1840,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCrop) {
     redLayer.source.solidColor = half3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
     redLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&redLayer);
+    layers.push_back(redLayer);
 
     // Green layer with 1/2 size with parent crop rect.
     renderengine::LayerSettings greenLayer = redLayer;
@@ -1847,7 +1848,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCrop) {
             FloatRect(0, 0, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 2);
     greenLayer.source.solidColor = half3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
 
-    layers.push_back(&greenLayer);
+    layers.push_back(greenLayer);
 
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 
@@ -1873,7 +1874,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCropSmallBounds) {
     settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings redLayer;
     redLayer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1884,7 +1885,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCropSmallBounds) {
     redLayer.source.solidColor = half3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
     redLayer.alpha = 1.0f;
 
-    layers.push_back(&redLayer);
+    layers.push_back(redLayer);
     invokeDraw(settings, layers);
 
     // Due to roundedCornersRadius, the top corners are untouched.
@@ -1923,7 +1924,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testClear) {
             .disableBlending = true,
     };
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers{&redLayer, &clearLayer};
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers{redLayer, clearLayer};
     invokeDraw(display, layers);
     expectBufferColor(rect, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
@@ -1971,7 +1972,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDisableBlendingBuffer) {
             .disableBlending = true,
     };
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers{&redLayer, &greenLayer};
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers{redLayer, greenLayer};
     invokeDraw(display, layers);
     expectBufferColor(rect, 0, 128, 0, 128);
 }
@@ -2017,7 +2018,7 @@ TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, test_isOpaque) {
             .alpha = 1.0f,
     };
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers{&greenLayer};
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers{greenLayer};
     invokeDraw(display, layers);
 
     if (GetParam()->useColorManagement()) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
index 99250c1412..db7e12b71b 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
@@ -172,20 +172,21 @@ TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, supportsBackgroundBlur_returnsTrue) {
 
 TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, drawLayers) {
     renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = std::make_shared<
             renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(), *mRenderEngine,
                                            renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
                                                    renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+
     base::unique_fd bufferFence;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayersInternal)
             .WillOnce([&](const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>>&&
                                   resultPromise,
                           const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                          const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                          const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                           const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                          base::unique_fd &&) -> void {
+                          base::unique_fd&&) -> void {
                 resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
             });
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index a549672259..3d446e8e72 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ bool RenderEngineThreaded::canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const {
 
 void RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayersInternal(
         const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
-        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
@@ -314,19 +314,20 @@ void RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayersInternal(
 }
 
 std::future<RenderEngineResult> RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayers(
-        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     const auto resultPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>();
     std::future<RenderEngineResult> resultFuture = resultPromise->get_future();
+    int fd = bufferFence.release();
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-        mFunctionCalls.push([resultPromise, &display, &layers, &buffer, useFramebufferCache,
-                             &bufferFence](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
+        mFunctionCalls.push([resultPromise, display, layers, buffer, useFramebufferCache,
+                             fd](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
             ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::drawLayers");
             instance.drawLayersInternal(std::move(resultPromise), display, layers, buffer,
-                                        useFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence));
+                                        useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd(fd));
         });
     }
     mCondition.notify_one();
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index 2303caa7eb..0159cfaece 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public:
     void cleanupPostRender() override;
 
     std::future<RenderEngineResult> drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                                               const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                                               const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
                                                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                                                const bool useFramebufferCache,
                                                base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ protected:
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
     void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
                             const DisplaySettings& display,
-                            const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                            const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
                             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                             const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.cpp
index f98681e1ce..6c60e53841 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@ BufferQueueLayer::~BufferQueueLayer() {
 // Interface implementation for Layer
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-void BufferQueueLayer::onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
+void BufferQueueLayer::onLayerDisplayed(
+        std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> futureRenderEngineResult) {
+    sp<Fence> releaseFence = new Fence(dup(futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence));
     mConsumer->setReleaseFence(releaseFence);
 
     // Prevent tracing the same release multiple times.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.h
index a3bd725cfe..dfdb5c055d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferQueueLayer.h
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ public:
     // Implements Layer.
     const char* getType() const override { return "BufferQueueLayer"; }
 
-    void onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) override;
+    void onLayerDisplayed(
+            std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> futureRenderEngineResult) override;
 
     // If a buffer was replaced this frame, release the former buffer
     void releasePendingBuffer(nsecs_t dequeueReadyTime) override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
index 132ee9d71b..454363ac3f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
@@ -70,69 +70,11 @@ BufferStateLayer::~BufferStateLayer() {
     }
 }
 
-status_t BufferStateLayer::addReleaseFence(const sp<CallbackHandle>& ch,
-                                           const sp<Fence>& fence) {
-    if (ch == nullptr) {
-        return OK;
-    }
-    ch->previousReleaseCallbackId = mPreviousReleaseCallbackId;
-    if (!ch->previousReleaseFence.get()) {
-        ch->previousReleaseFence = fence;
-        return OK;
-    }
-
-    // Below logic is lifted from ConsumerBase.cpp:
-    // Check status of fences first because merging is expensive.
-    // Merging an invalid fence with any other fence results in an
-    // invalid fence.
-    auto currentStatus = ch->previousReleaseFence->getStatus();
-    if (currentStatus == Fence::Status::Invalid) {
-        ALOGE("Existing fence has invalid state, layer: %s", mName.c_str());
-        return BAD_VALUE;
-    }
-
-    auto incomingStatus = fence->getStatus();
-    if (incomingStatus == Fence::Status::Invalid) {
-        ALOGE("New fence has invalid state, layer: %s", mName.c_str());
-        ch->previousReleaseFence = fence;
-        return BAD_VALUE;
-    }
-
-    // If both fences are signaled or both are unsignaled, we need to merge
-    // them to get an accurate timestamp.
-    if (currentStatus == incomingStatus) {
-        char fenceName[32] = {};
-        snprintf(fenceName, 32, "%.28s", mName.c_str());
-        sp<Fence> mergedFence = Fence::merge(
-                fenceName, ch->previousReleaseFence, fence);
-        if (!mergedFence.get()) {
-            ALOGE("failed to merge release fences, layer: %s", mName.c_str());
-            // synchronization is broken, the best we can do is hope fences
-            // signal in order so the new fence will act like a union
-            ch->previousReleaseFence = fence;
-            return BAD_VALUE;
-        }
-        ch->previousReleaseFence = mergedFence;
-    } else if (incomingStatus == Fence::Status::Unsignaled) {
-        // If one fence has signaled and the other hasn't, the unsignaled
-        // fence will approximately correspond with the correct timestamp.
-        // There's a small race if both fences signal at about the same time
-        // and their statuses are retrieved with unfortunate timing. However,
-        // by this point, they will have both signaled and only the timestamp
-        // will be slightly off; any dependencies after this point will
-        // already have been met.
-        ch->previousReleaseFence = fence;
-    }
-    // else if (currentStatus == Fence::Status::Unsignaled) is a no-op.
-
-    return OK;
-}
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Interface implementation for Layer
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-void BufferStateLayer::onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
-
+void BufferStateLayer::onLayerDisplayed(
+        std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> futureRenderEngineResult) {
     // If a layer has been displayed again we may need to clear
     // the mLastClientComposition fence that we use for early release in setBuffer
     // (as we now have a new fence which won't pass through the client composition path in some cases
@@ -146,9 +88,6 @@ void BufferStateLayer::onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
         mLastClientCompositionDisplayed = true;
     }
 
-    if (!releaseFence->isValid()) {
-        return;
-    }
     // The previous release fence notifies the client that SurfaceFlinger is done with the previous
     // buffer that was presented on this layer. The first transaction that came in this frame that
     // replaced the previous buffer on this layer needs this release fence, because the fence will
@@ -173,17 +112,19 @@ void BufferStateLayer::onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
             break;
         }
     }
-    auto status = addReleaseFence(ch, releaseFence);
-    if (status != OK) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to add release fence for layer %s", getName().c_str());
-    }
 
-    mPreviousReleaseFence = releaseFence;
+    mListPreviousReleaseFences.emplace_back(futureRenderEngineResult);
 
     // Prevent tracing the same release multiple times.
     if (mPreviousFrameNumber != mPreviousReleasedFrameNumber) {
         mPreviousReleasedFrameNumber = mPreviousFrameNumber;
     }
+
+    if (ch != nullptr) {
+        ch->previousReleaseCallbackId = mPreviousReleaseCallbackId;
+        ch->previousReleaseFences.emplace_back(futureRenderEngineResult);
+        ch->name = mName;
+    }
 }
 
 void BufferStateLayer::onSurfaceFrameCreated(
@@ -231,9 +172,18 @@ void BufferStateLayer::releasePendingBuffer(nsecs_t dequeueReadyTime) {
     mFlinger->getTransactionCallbackInvoker().addCallbackHandles(
             mDrawingState.callbackHandles, jankData);
 
+    sp<Fence> releaseFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+    for (auto& handle : mDrawingState.callbackHandles) {
+        if (handle->releasePreviousBuffer &&
+            mDrawingState.releaseBufferEndpoint == handle->listener) {
+            releaseFence =
+                    handle->previousReleaseFence ? handle->previousReleaseFence : Fence::NO_FENCE;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
     mDrawingState.callbackHandles = {};
 
-    const sp<Fence>& releaseFence(mPreviousReleaseFence);
     std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> releaseFenceTime = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(releaseFence);
     {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mFrameEventHistoryMutex);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
index 87b68ea71b..6cb9b352f8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ public:
     // Implements Layer.
     const char* getType() const override { return "BufferStateLayer"; }
 
-    void onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) override;
+    void onLayerDisplayed(
+            std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> futureRenderEngineResult) override;
+
     void releasePendingBuffer(nsecs_t dequeueReadyTime) override;
 
     void finalizeFrameEventHistory(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& glDoneFence,
@@ -115,8 +117,6 @@ private:
     bool updateFrameEventHistory(const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, nsecs_t postedTime,
                                  nsecs_t requestedPresentTime);
 
-    status_t addReleaseFence(const sp<CallbackHandle>& ch, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence);
-
     bool latchSidebandStream(bool& recomputeVisibleRegions) override;
 
     bool hasFrameUpdate() const override;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ private:
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> getBufferFromBufferData(
             const BufferData& bufferData);
 
-    sp<Fence> mPreviousReleaseFence;
+    std::vector<std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>> mListPreviousReleaseFences;
     ReleaseCallbackId mPreviousReleaseCallbackId = ReleaseCallbackId::INVALID_ID;
     uint64_t mPreviousReleasedFrameNumber = 0;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
index f7b71cf9fe..ac243c0a17 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <future>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
 
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion -Wextra"
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ public:
             ClientCompositionTargetSettings&) = 0;
 
     // Called after the layer is displayed to update the presentation fence
-    virtual void onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>&) = 0;
+    virtual void onLayerDisplayed(std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>) = 0;
 
     // Gets some kind of identifier for the layer for debug purposes.
     virtual const char* getDebugName() const = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
index d215bda891..16aebef9f3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public:
                  std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings>(
                          compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings&));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(onLayerDisplayed, void(const sp<Fence>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onLayerDisplayed, void(std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDebugName, const char*());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSequence, int32_t());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 048d7c2b4a..7ea1aa2f92 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
+#include <ftl/future.h>
 
 #include <thread>
 
@@ -1097,12 +1098,12 @@ std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
         setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true);
     }
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> clientCompositionLayerPointers;
-    clientCompositionLayerPointers.reserve(clientCompositionLayers.size());
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> clientRenderEngineLayers;
+    clientRenderEngineLayers.reserve(clientCompositionLayers.size());
     std::transform(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), clientCompositionLayers.end(),
-                   std::back_inserter(clientCompositionLayerPointers),
-                   [](LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings) -> renderengine::LayerSettings* {
-                       return &settings;
+                   std::back_inserter(clientRenderEngineLayers),
+                   [](LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings) -> renderengine::LayerSettings {
+                       return settings;
                    });
 
     const nsecs_t renderEngineStart = systemTime();
@@ -1115,7 +1116,7 @@ std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
     const bool useFramebufferCache = outputState.layerFilter.toInternalDisplay;
     auto [status, drawFence] =
             renderEngine
-                    .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, tex,
+                    .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientRenderEngineLayers, tex,
                                 useFramebufferCache, std::move(fd))
                     .get();
 
@@ -1295,8 +1296,10 @@ void Output::postFramebuffer() {
             releaseFence =
                     Fence::merge("LayerRelease", releaseFence, frame.clientTargetAcquireFence);
         }
-
-        layer->getLayerFE().onLayerDisplayed(releaseFence);
+        layer->getLayerFE().onLayerDisplayed(
+                ftl::yield<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                        {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd(releaseFence->dup())})
+                        .share());
     }
 
     // We've got a list of layers needing fences, that are disjoint with
@@ -1304,7 +1307,9 @@ void Output::postFramebuffer() {
     // supply them with the present fence.
     for (auto& weakLayer : mReleasedLayers) {
         if (auto layer = weakLayer.promote(); layer != nullptr) {
-            layer->onLayerDisplayed(frame.presentFence);
+            layer->onLayerDisplayed(ftl::yield<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                                            {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd(frame.presentFence->dup())})
+                                            .share());
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
index e6b716e8f2..ec52e59ab0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
@@ -193,11 +193,6 @@ void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& te
                              clientCompositionList.cend());
     }
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layerSettingsPointers;
-    std::transform(layerSettings.cbegin(), layerSettings.cend(),
-                   std::back_inserter(layerSettingsPointers),
-                   [](const renderengine::LayerSettings& settings) { return &settings; });
-
     renderengine::LayerSettings blurLayerSettings;
     if (mBlurLayer) {
         auto blurSettings = targetSettings;
@@ -212,7 +207,7 @@ void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& te
         blurLayerSettings.name = std::string("blur layer");
         // Clear out the shadow settings
         blurLayerSettings.shadow = {};
-        layerSettingsPointers.push_back(&blurLayerSettings);
+        layerSettings.push_back(blurLayerSettings);
     }
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings holePunchSettings;
@@ -230,7 +225,7 @@ void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& te
         holePunchSettings.disableBlending = true;
         holePunchSettings.alpha = 0.0f;
         holePunchSettings.name = std::string("hole punch layer");
-        layerSettingsPointers.push_back(&holePunchSettings);
+        layerSettings.push_back(holePunchSettings);
 
         // Add a solid background as the first layer in case there is no opaque
         // buffer behind the punch hole
@@ -239,7 +234,7 @@ void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& te
         holePunchBackgroundSettings.geometry.boundaries = holePunchSettings.geometry.boundaries;
         holePunchBackgroundSettings.geometry.positionTransform =
                 holePunchSettings.geometry.positionTransform;
-        layerSettingsPointers.insert(layerSettingsPointers.begin(), &holePunchBackgroundSettings);
+        layerSettings.emplace(layerSettings.begin(), holePunchBackgroundSettings);
     }
 
     if (sDebugHighlighLayers) {
@@ -257,7 +252,7 @@ void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& te
                 .alpha = half(0.05f),
         };
 
-        layerSettingsPointers.emplace_back(&highlight);
+        layerSettings.emplace_back(highlight);
     }
 
     auto texture = texturePool.borrowTexture();
@@ -273,8 +268,8 @@ void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& te
     }
 
     auto [status, drawFence] = renderEngine
-                                       .drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers,
-                                                   texture->get(), false, std::move(bufferFence))
+                                       .drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettings, texture->get(),
+                                                   false, std::move(bufferFence))
                                        .get();
 
     if (status == NO_ERROR) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index 8f0028c399..cf63ef5183 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <ftl/future.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
@@ -2884,12 +2885,24 @@ TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, releaseFencesAreSentToLayerFE) {
     // are passed. This happens to work with the current implementation, but
     // would not survive certain calls like Fence::merge() which would return a
     // new instance.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.layerFE,
-                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(layer1Fence.get()))));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.layerFE,
-                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(layer2Fence.get()))));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.layerFE,
-                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(layer3Fence.get()))));
+    base::unique_fd layer1FD(layer1Fence->dup());
+    base::unique_fd layer2FD(layer2Fence->dup());
+    base::unique_fd layer3FD(layer3Fence->dup());
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(_))
+            .WillOnce([&layer1FD](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>
+                                          futureRenderEngineResult) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(layer1FD, futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence);
+            });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(_))
+            .WillOnce([&layer2FD](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>
+                                          futureRenderEngineResult) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(layer2FD, futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence);
+            });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(_))
+            .WillOnce([&layer3FD](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>
+                                          futureRenderEngineResult) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(layer3FD, futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence);
+            });
 
     mOutput.postFramebuffer();
 }
@@ -2915,9 +2928,9 @@ TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, releaseFencesIncludeClientTargetAcquireFence)
     // Fence::merge is called, and since none of the fences are actually valid,
     // Fence::NO_FENCE is returned and passed to each onLayerDisplayed() call.
     // This is the best we can do without creating a real kernel fence object.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(Fence::NO_FENCE));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(Fence::NO_FENCE));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(Fence::NO_FENCE));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed).WillOnce(Return());
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed).WillOnce(Return());
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed).WillOnce(Return());
 
     mOutput.postFramebuffer();
 }
@@ -2949,12 +2962,22 @@ TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, releasedLayersSentPresentFence) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, onPresentDisplayCompleted());
 
     // Each released layer should be given the presentFence.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer1,
-                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(presentFence.get()))));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer2,
-                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(presentFence.get()))));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer3,
-                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(presentFence.get()))));
+    base::unique_fd layerFD(presentFence.get()->dup());
+    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer1, onLayerDisplayed(_))
+            .WillOnce([&layerFD](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>
+                                         futureRenderEngineResult) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(layerFD, futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence);
+            });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer2, onLayerDisplayed(_))
+            .WillOnce([&layerFD](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>
+                                         futureRenderEngineResult) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(layerFD, futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence);
+            });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer3, onLayerDisplayed(_))
+            .WillOnce([&layerFD](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>
+                                         futureRenderEngineResult) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(layerFD, futureRenderEngineResult.get().drawFence);
+            });
 
     mOutput.postFramebuffer();
 
@@ -3131,9 +3154,9 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, handlesZeroCompositionRequests) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, IsEmpty(), _, false, _))
             .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                base::unique_fd&&)
                                     -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                 return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
             });
@@ -3161,11 +3184,11 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, buildsAndRendersRequestList) {
                     }));
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r2), _, false, _))
             .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                base::unique_fd&&)
                                     -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                 return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
             });
@@ -3196,11 +3219,11 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest,
                     }));
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r2), _, true, _))
             .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                base::unique_fd&&)
                                     -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                 return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
             });
@@ -3226,7 +3249,7 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, renderDuplicateClientCompositionRequestsWithou
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r2), _, false, _))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))))
@@ -3258,7 +3281,7 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, skipDuplicateClientCompositionRequests) {
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r2), _, false, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false));
@@ -3294,11 +3317,11 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, clientCompositionIfBufferChanges) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_))
             .WillOnce(Return(mOutputBuffer))
             .WillOnce(Return(otherOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r2), _, false, _))
             .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                base::unique_fd&&)
                                     -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                 return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
             });
@@ -3330,10 +3353,10 @@ TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, clientCompositionIfRequestChanges) {
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r2), _, false, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r3)), _, false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(r1, r3), _, false, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
@@ -3487,9 +3510,9 @@ struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent : public OutputComposeS
         EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _))
                 .WillRepeatedly(
                         [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                            const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                            const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                            base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                            base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                             return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
                                     {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
                         });
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
index ecb05f8e5f..42b3d972a8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
@@ -346,15 +346,15 @@ TEST_F(CachedSetTest, renderUnsecureOutput) {
 
     const auto drawLayers =
             [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers,
                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.getContent(), displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.getContent(), displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.getOrientation()),
                   displaySettings.orientation);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0]->alpha);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1]->alpha);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0].alpha);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1].alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::SRGB, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
         return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
@@ -398,15 +398,15 @@ TEST_F(CachedSetTest, renderSecureOutput) {
 
     const auto drawLayers =
             [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers,
                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.getContent(), displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.getContent(), displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.getOrientation()),
                   displaySettings.orientation);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0]->alpha);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1]->alpha);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0].alpha);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1].alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::SRGB, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
 
         return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
@@ -453,15 +453,15 @@ TEST_F(CachedSetTest, rendersWithOffsetFramebufferContent) {
 
     const auto drawLayers =
             [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers,
                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.getContent(), displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.getContent(), displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.getOrientation()),
                   displaySettings.orientation);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0]->alpha);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1]->alpha);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0].alpha);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1].alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::SRGB, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
 
         return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
@@ -656,26 +656,26 @@ TEST_F(CachedSetTest, addHolePunch) {
 
     const auto drawLayers =
             [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers,
                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
         // We're interested in the third layer either way.
         EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 4u);
         {
-            const auto* holePunchSettings = layers[3];
-            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchSettings->source.buffer.buffer);
-            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchSettings->source.solidColor);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(holePunchSettings->disableBlending);
-            EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, holePunchSettings->alpha);
+            const auto holePunchSettings = layers[3];
+            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchSettings.source.buffer.buffer);
+            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchSettings.source.solidColor);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(holePunchSettings.disableBlending);
+            EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, holePunchSettings.alpha);
         }
 
         {
-            const auto* holePunchBackgroundSettings = layers[0];
-            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchBackgroundSettings->source.buffer.buffer);
-            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchBackgroundSettings->source.solidColor);
-            EXPECT_FALSE(holePunchBackgroundSettings->disableBlending);
-            EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, holePunchBackgroundSettings->alpha);
+            const auto holePunchBackgroundSettings = layers[0];
+            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchBackgroundSettings.source.buffer.buffer);
+            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchBackgroundSettings.source.solidColor);
+            EXPECT_FALSE(holePunchBackgroundSettings.disableBlending);
+            EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, holePunchBackgroundSettings.alpha);
         }
 
         return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
@@ -717,27 +717,27 @@ TEST_F(CachedSetTest, addHolePunch_noBuffer) {
 
     const auto drawLayers =
             [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers,
                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
         // We're interested in the third layer either way.
         EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 4u);
 
         {
-            const auto* holePunchSettings = layers[3];
-            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchSettings->source.buffer.buffer);
-            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchSettings->source.solidColor);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(holePunchSettings->disableBlending);
-            EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, holePunchSettings->alpha);
+            const auto holePunchSettings = layers[3];
+            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchSettings.source.buffer.buffer);
+            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchSettings.source.solidColor);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(holePunchSettings.disableBlending);
+            EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, holePunchSettings.alpha);
         }
 
         {
-            const auto* holePunchBackgroundSettings = layers[0];
-            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchBackgroundSettings->source.buffer.buffer);
-            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchBackgroundSettings->source.solidColor);
-            EXPECT_FALSE(holePunchBackgroundSettings->disableBlending);
-            EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, holePunchBackgroundSettings->alpha);
+            const auto holePunchBackgroundSettings = layers[0];
+            EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchBackgroundSettings.source.buffer.buffer);
+            EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchBackgroundSettings.source.solidColor);
+            EXPECT_FALSE(holePunchBackgroundSettings.disableBlending);
+            EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, holePunchBackgroundSettings.alpha);
         }
 
         return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
@@ -867,16 +867,16 @@ TEST_F(CachedSetTest, addBlur) {
 
     const auto drawLayers =
             [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layers,
                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
         // We're interested in the third layer either way.
         EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 3u);
-        const auto* blurSettings = layers[2];
-        EXPECT_TRUE(blurSettings->skipContentDraw);
-        EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), blurSettings->source.solidColor);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, blurSettings->alpha);
+        const auto blurSettings = layers[2];
+        EXPECT_TRUE(blurSettings.skipContentDraw);
+        EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), blurSettings.source.solidColor);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, blurSettings.alpha);
 
         return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 5707c67a56..d68cf9720f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -221,7 +221,8 @@ LayerCreationArgs::LayerCreationArgs(SurfaceFlinger* flinger, sp<Client> client,
  * Layer.  So, the implementation is done in BufferLayer.  When called on a
  * EffectLayer object, it's essentially a NOP.
  */
-void Layer::onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& /*releaseFence*/) {}
+void Layer::onLayerDisplayed(
+        std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> /*futureRenderEngineResult*/) {}
 
 void Layer::removeRelativeZ(const std::vector<Layer*>& layersInTree) {
     if (mDrawingState.zOrderRelativeOf == nullptr) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index 07b2eb5130..4569f9af23 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -616,7 +616,8 @@ public:
     void prepareCompositionState(compositionengine::LayerFE::StateSubset subset) override;
     std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> prepareClientCompositionList(
             compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings&) override;
-    void onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) override;
+    void onLayerDisplayed(
+            std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> futureRenderEngineResult) override;
 
     void setWasClientComposed(const sp<Fence>& fence) override {
         mLastClientCompositionFence = fence;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
index aa2fec56ad..d0f56b5bdd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
@@ -356,10 +356,13 @@ void RegionSamplingThread::captureSample() {
                                                renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     }
 
-    const sp<SyncScreenCaptureListener> captureListener = new SyncScreenCaptureListener();
-    mFlinger.captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, buffer,
-                                 true /* regionSampling */, false /* grayscale */, captureListener);
-    ScreenCaptureResults captureResults = captureListener->waitForResults();
+    auto captureScreenResultFuture =
+            mFlinger.captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, buffer,
+                                         true /* regionSampling */, false /* grayscale */, nullptr);
+    auto& captureScreenResult = captureScreenResultFuture.get();
+    if (captureScreenResult.drawFence.ok()) {
+        sync_wait(captureScreenResult.drawFence.get(), -1);
+    }
 
     std::vector<Descriptor> activeDescriptors;
     for (const auto& descriptor : descriptors) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index acb81dc41c..638458cfd3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -5972,9 +5972,10 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& args,
         traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, args.uid, visitor);
     };
 
-    return captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, reqSize,
-                               args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected, args.grayscale,
-                               captureListener);
+    auto captureResultFuture = captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers,
+                                                   reqSize, args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected,
+                                                   args.grayscale, captureListener);
+    return captureResultFuture.get().status;
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(DisplayId displayId,
@@ -6009,9 +6010,15 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(DisplayId displayId,
         traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, visitor);
     };
 
-    return captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, size,
-                               ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, false /* allowProtected */,
-                               false /* grayscale */, captureListener);
+    if (captureListener == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("capture screen must provide a capture listener callback");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    auto captureResultFuture =
+            captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, size,
+                                ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, false /* allowProtected */,
+                                false /* grayscale */, captureListener);
+    return captureResultFuture.get().status;
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& args,
@@ -6138,23 +6145,28 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& args,
         });
     };
 
-    return captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, reqSize,
-                               args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected, args.grayscale,
-                               captureListener);
+    if (captureListener == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("capture screen must provide a capture listener callback");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    auto captureResultFuture = captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers,
+                                                   reqSize, args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected,
+                                                   args.grayscale, captureListener);
+    return captureResultFuture.get().status;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture,
-                                             TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
-                                             ui::Size bufferSize, ui::PixelFormat reqPixelFormat,
-                                             bool allowProtected, bool grayscale,
-                                             const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
+std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(
+        RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+        ui::Size bufferSize, ui::PixelFormat reqPixelFormat, bool allowProtected, bool grayscale,
+        const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     if (exceedsMaxRenderTargetSize(bufferSize.getWidth(), bufferSize.getHeight())) {
         ALOGE("Attempted to capture screen with size (%" PRId32 ", %" PRId32
               ") that exceeds render target size limit.",
               bufferSize.getWidth(), bufferSize.getHeight());
-        return BAD_VALUE;
+        return ftl::yield<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({BAD_VALUE, base::unique_fd()}).share();
     }
 
     // Loop over all visible layers to see whether there's any protected layer. A protected layer is
@@ -6194,25 +6206,23 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture,
                                false /* regionSampling */, grayscale, captureListener);
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(
+std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(
         RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
         bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (captureListener == nullptr) {
-        ALOGE("capture screen must provide a capture listener callback");
-        return BAD_VALUE;
-    }
-
     bool canCaptureBlackoutContent = hasCaptureBlackoutContentPermission();
 
-    static_cast<void>(schedule([=, renderAreaFuture = std::move(renderAreaFuture)]() mutable {
+    auto scheduleResultFuture = schedule([=,
+                                          renderAreaFuture = std::move(renderAreaFuture)]() mutable
+                                         -> std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         if (mRefreshPending) {
             ALOGW("Skipping screenshot for now");
             captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, buffer, regionSampling,
                                 grayscale, captureListener);
-            return;
+            return ftl::yield<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()})
+                    .share();
         }
         ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
         std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> renderArea = renderAreaFuture.get();
@@ -6220,24 +6230,44 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(
             ALOGW("Skipping screen capture because of invalid render area.");
             captureResults.result = NO_MEMORY;
             captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
-            return;
+            return ftl::yield<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()})
+                    .share();
         }
 
-        status_t result = NO_ERROR;
+        std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> renderEngineResultFuture;
+
         renderArea->render([&] {
-            result = renderScreenImplLocked(*renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer,
-                                            canCaptureBlackoutContent, regionSampling, grayscale,
-                                            captureResults);
+            renderEngineResultFuture =
+                    renderScreenImplLocked(*renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer,
+                                           canCaptureBlackoutContent, regionSampling, grayscale,
+                                           captureResults);
         });
+        // spring up a thread to unblock SF main thread and wait for
+        // RenderEngineResult to be available
+        if (captureListener != nullptr) {
+            std::async([=]() mutable {
+                ATRACE_NAME("captureListener is nonnull!");
+                auto& [status, drawFence] = renderEngineResultFuture.get();
+                captureResults.result = status;
+                captureResults.fence = new Fence(dup(drawFence));
+                captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
+            });
+        }
+        return renderEngineResultFuture;
+    });
 
-        captureResults.result = result;
-        captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
-    }));
-
-    return NO_ERROR;
+    // flatten scheduleResultFuture object to single shared_future object
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> captureScreenResultFuture =
+            ftl::chain(std::move(scheduleResultFuture))
+                    .then([=](std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> futureObject)
+                                  -> renderengine::RenderEngineResult {
+                        auto& [status, drawFence] = futureObject.get();
+                        return {status, base::unique_fd(dup(drawFence))};
+                    });
+    return captureScreenResultFuture.share();
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(
+std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(
         const RenderArea& renderArea, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
         bool canCaptureBlackoutContent, bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
@@ -6256,7 +6286,8 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(
     // the impetus on WindowManager to not persist them.
     if (captureResults.capturedSecureLayers && !canCaptureBlackoutContent) {
         ALOGW("FB is protected: PERMISSION_DENIED");
-        return PERMISSION_DENIED;
+        return ftl::yield<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({PERMISSION_DENIED, base::unique_fd()})
+                .share();
     }
 
     captureResults.buffer = buffer->getBuffer();
@@ -6338,11 +6369,12 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(
 
     });
 
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> clientCompositionLayerPointers(
-            clientCompositionLayers.size());
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> clientRenderEngineLayers;
+    clientRenderEngineLayers.reserve(clientCompositionLayers.size());
     std::transform(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), clientCompositionLayers.end(),
-                   clientCompositionLayerPointers.begin(),
-                   std::pointer_traits<renderengine::LayerSettings*>::pointer_to);
+                   std::back_inserter(clientRenderEngineLayers),
+                   [](compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings)
+                           -> renderengine::LayerSettings { return settings; });
 
     // Use an empty fence for the buffer fence, since we just created the buffer so
     // there is no need for synchronization with the GPU.
@@ -6350,24 +6382,22 @@ status_t SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(
     getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(useProtected);
 
     const constexpr bool kUseFramebufferCache = false;
-    auto [status, drawFence] =
-            getRenderEngine()
-                    .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, buffer,
-                                kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence))
-                    .get();
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> drawLayersResult =
+            getRenderEngine().drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientRenderEngineLayers, buffer,
+                                         kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence));
 
-    if (drawFence >= 0) {
-        sp<Fence> releaseFence = new Fence(dup(drawFence));
-        for (auto* layer : renderedLayers) {
-            layer->onLayerDisplayed(releaseFence);
-        }
+    std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> drawLayersResultFuture =
+            drawLayersResult.share(); // drawLayersResult will be moved to shared one
+
+    for (auto* layer : renderedLayers) {
+        // make a copy of shared_future object for each layer
+        layer->onLayerDisplayed(drawLayersResultFuture);
     }
 
-    captureResults.fence = new Fence(drawFence.release());
     // Always switch back to unprotected context.
     getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(false);
 
-    return status;
+    return drawLayersResultFuture;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::windowInfosReported() {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 1f0e42ddf3..45fd94e50c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -906,17 +906,17 @@ private:
     // Boot animation, on/off animations and screen capture
     void startBootAnim();
 
-    status_t captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction, ui::Size bufferSize,
-                                 ui::PixelFormat, bool allowProtected, bool grayscale,
-                                 const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
-    status_t captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction,
-                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
-                                 bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
-                                 const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
-    status_t renderScreenImplLocked(const RenderArea&, TraverseLayersFunction,
-                                    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
-                                    bool canCaptureBlackoutContent, bool regionSampling,
-                                    bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults&);
+    std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> captureScreenCommon(
+            RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction, ui::Size bufferSize, ui::PixelFormat,
+            bool allowProtected, bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
+    std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> captureScreenCommon(
+            RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction,
+            const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool regionSampling,
+            bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
+    std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> renderScreenImplLocked(
+            const RenderArea&, TraverseLayersFunction,
+            const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool canCaptureBlackoutContent,
+            bool regionSampling, bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults&);
 
     // If the uid provided is not UNSET_UID, the traverse will skip any layers that don't have a
     // matching ownerUid
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp
index c1eb8966d1..8fbf0b4d07 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp
@@ -154,6 +154,38 @@ status_t TransactionCallbackInvoker::addCallbackHandle(const sp<CallbackHandle>&
     // destroyed the client side is dead and there won't be anyone to send the callback to.
     sp<IBinder> surfaceControl = handle->surfaceControl.promote();
     if (surfaceControl) {
+        sp<Fence> prevFence = nullptr;
+
+        for (const auto& futureStruct : handle->previousReleaseFences) {
+            sp<Fence> currentFence = sp<Fence>::make(dup(futureStruct.get().drawFence));
+            if (prevFence == nullptr && currentFence->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Invalid) {
+                prevFence = currentFence;
+                handle->previousReleaseFence = prevFence;
+            } else if (prevFence != nullptr) {
+                // If both fences are signaled or both are unsignaled, we need to merge
+                // them to get an accurate timestamp.
+                if (prevFence->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Invalid &&
+                    prevFence->getStatus() == currentFence->getStatus()) {
+                    char fenceName[32] = {};
+                    snprintf(fenceName, 32, "%.28s", handle->name.c_str());
+                    sp<Fence> mergedFence = Fence::merge(fenceName, prevFence, currentFence);
+                    if (mergedFence->isValid()) {
+                        handle->previousReleaseFence = mergedFence;
+                        prevFence = handle->previousReleaseFence;
+                    }
+                } else if (currentFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Unsignaled) {
+                    // If one fence has signaled and the other hasn't, the unsignaled
+                    // fence will approximately correspond with the correct timestamp.
+                    // There's a small race if both fences signal at about the same time
+                    // and their statuses are retrieved with unfortunate timing. However,
+                    // by this point, they will have both signaled and only the timestamp
+                    // will be slightly off; any dependencies after this point will
+                    // already have been met.
+                    handle->previousReleaseFence = currentFence;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        handle->previousReleaseFences = {};
         FrameEventHistoryStats eventStats(handle->frameNumber,
                                           handle->gpuCompositionDoneFence->getSnapshot().fence,
                                           handle->compositorTiming, handle->refreshStartTime,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.h
index 7e879e119b..100dbfa8aa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.h
@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@
 
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <deque>
-#include <queue>
+#include <future>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <queue>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
 
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -42,7 +44,9 @@ public:
     wp<IBinder> surfaceControl;
 
     bool releasePreviousBuffer = false;
+    std::string name;
     sp<Fence> previousReleaseFence;
+    std::vector<std::shared_future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>> previousReleaseFences;
     nsecs_t acquireTime = -1;
     nsecs_t latchTime = -1;
     uint32_t transformHint = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 5135ff952f..61c7c398dd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -247,10 +247,16 @@ void CompositionTest::captureScreenComposition() {
                                                              "screenshot"),
                                            *mRenderEngine, true);
 
-    status_t result =
-            mFlinger.renderScreenImplLocked(*renderArea, traverseLayers, mCaptureScreenBuffer,
-                                            forSystem, regionSampling);
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, result);
+    auto result = mFlinger.renderScreenImplLocked(*renderArea, traverseLayers, mCaptureScreenBuffer,
+                                                  forSystem, regionSampling);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.valid());
+
+    auto& [status, drawFence] = result.get();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
+    if (drawFence.ok()) {
+        sync_wait(drawFence.get(), -1);
+    }
 
     LayerCase::cleanup(this);
 }
@@ -346,9 +352,9 @@ struct BaseDisplayVariant {
     static void setupCommonScreensCaptureCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                    const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                    const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                                     const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
-                                    const bool, base::unique_fd &&)
+                                    const bool, base::unique_fd&&)
                                         -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
@@ -397,9 +403,9 @@ struct BaseDisplayVariant {
                                 Return(0)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                    const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                    const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
                                     const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
-                                    const bool, base::unique_fd &&)
+                                    const bool, base::unique_fd&&)
                                         -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
@@ -633,9 +639,9 @@ struct BaseLayerProperties {
     static void setupREBufferCompositionCommonCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillOnce([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
+                              const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layerSettings,
                               const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                              base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                              base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -652,16 +658,16 @@ struct BaseLayerProperties {
                                          "verification lambda";
                         return resultFuture;
                     }
-                    const renderengine::LayerSettings* layer = layerSettings.back();
-                    EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.buffer, Not(IsNull()));
-                    EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.fence, Not(IsNull()));
-                    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_TEXTURE_ID, layer->source.buffer.textureName);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(false, layer->source.buffer.isY410BT2020);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(true, layer->source.buffer.usePremultipliedAlpha);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(false, layer->source.buffer.isOpaque);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer->sourceDataspace);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(LayerProperties::COLOR[3], layer->alpha);
+                    const renderengine::LayerSettings layer = layerSettings.back();
+                    EXPECT_THAT(layer.source.buffer.buffer, Not(IsNull()));
+                    EXPECT_THAT(layer.source.buffer.fence, Not(IsNull()));
+                    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_TEXTURE_ID, layer.source.buffer.textureName);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(false, layer.source.buffer.isY410BT2020);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(true, layer.source.buffer.usePremultipliedAlpha);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(false, layer.source.buffer.isOpaque);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer.sourceDataspace);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(LayerProperties::COLOR[3], layer.alpha);
                     return resultFuture;
                 });
     }
@@ -685,9 +691,9 @@ struct BaseLayerProperties {
     static void setupREColorCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillOnce([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
+                              const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layerSettings,
                               const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                              base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                              base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -704,14 +710,14 @@ struct BaseLayerProperties {
                                    "setupREColorCompositionCallExpectations verification lambda";
                         return resultFuture;
                     }
-                    const renderengine::LayerSettings* layer = layerSettings.back();
-                    EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.buffer, IsNull());
+                    const renderengine::LayerSettings layer = layerSettings.back();
+                    EXPECT_THAT(layer.source.buffer.buffer, IsNull());
                     EXPECT_EQ(half3(LayerProperties::COLOR[0], LayerProperties::COLOR[1],
                                     LayerProperties::COLOR[2]),
-                              layer->source.solidColor);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer->sourceDataspace);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(LayerProperties::COLOR[3], layer->alpha);
+                              layer.source.solidColor);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer.sourceDataspace);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(LayerProperties::COLOR[3], layer.alpha);
                     return resultFuture;
                 });
     }
@@ -765,9 +771,9 @@ struct CommonSecureLayerProperties : public BaseLayerProperties<LayerProperties>
     static void setupInsecureREBufferCompositionCommonCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillOnce([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
+                              const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>& layerSettings,
                               const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                              base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                              base::unique_fd&&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -784,12 +790,12 @@ struct CommonSecureLayerProperties : public BaseLayerProperties<LayerProperties>
                                          "verification lambda";
                         return resultFuture;
                     }
-                    const renderengine::LayerSettings* layer = layerSettings.back();
-                    EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.buffer, IsNull());
-                    EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), layer->source.solidColor);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer->sourceDataspace);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, layer->alpha);
+                    const renderengine::LayerSettings layer = layerSettings.back();
+                    EXPECT_THAT(layer.source.buffer.buffer, IsNull());
+                    EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), layer.source.solidColor);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer.sourceDataspace);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, layer.alpha);
                     return resultFuture;
                 });
     }