Add support for wired routing

This is a revert^2 of ag/25043811.

Wired routing means choosing where media plays among the
non-bluetooth routes. You can find details of the design
in go/wired-device-routing. You can find a summary of the
change here:
- Changes are guarded by the
  enable_audio_policies_device_and_bluetooth_controller
  flag in the media_solutions namespace.
- All wired and active bluetooth devices routes are
  obtained from AudioManager.
- Bluetooth route ids are obtained from BluetoothAdapter,
  regardless of whether the route corresponds to an active
  or inactive bluetooth route.
- When necessary, audio routing  strategies are used to
  route the audio away from the default audio output.

Existing tests became invalid due to changes in the
dependencies of AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController. New
tests are being added in the following commit where we
need to need to make changes in our dependencies so as
to enable testing.

Bug: 305199571
Test: atest MediaRouter2HostSideTest CtsMediaBetterTogetherTestCases
Change-Id: Ia051829189f14ab2eb8310bee74bd17203c0b294

12 files changed, 812 insertions, 1225 deletions

diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioAttributesUtils.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioAttributesUtils.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cb334dc2260..000000000000
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioAttributesUtils.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server.media;
-
-import android.annotation.NonNull;
-import android.annotation.Nullable;
-import android.media.AudioAttributes;
-import android.media.AudioDeviceAttributes;
-import android.media.AudioDeviceInfo;
-import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
-
-import com.android.media.flags.Flags;
-
-/* package */ final class AudioAttributesUtils {
-
-    /* package */ static final AudioAttributes ATTRIBUTES_MEDIA = new AudioAttributes.Builder()
-            .setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA)
-            .build();
-
-    private AudioAttributesUtils() {
-        // no-op to prevent instantiation.
-    }
-
-    @MediaRoute2Info.Type
-    /* package */ static int mapToMediaRouteType(
-            @NonNull AudioDeviceAttributes audioDeviceAttributes) {
-        if (Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
-            switch (audioDeviceAttributes.getType()) {
-                case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_ARC:
-                    return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI_ARC;
-                case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_EARC:
-                    return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI_EARC;
-            }
-        }
-        switch (audioDeviceAttributes.getType()) {
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_EARPIECE:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_DOCK:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_DOCK_ANALOG:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_ARC:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_EARC:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_USB_DEVICE;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET;
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HEARING_AID:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HEARING_AID;
-            default:
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_UNKNOWN;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* package */ static boolean isDeviceOutputAttributes(
-            @Nullable AudioDeviceAttributes audioDeviceAttributes) {
-        if (audioDeviceAttributes == null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (audioDeviceAttributes.getRole() != AudioDeviceAttributes.ROLE_OUTPUT) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        switch (audioDeviceAttributes.getType()) {
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_EARPIECE:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_DOCK:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_DOCK_ANALOG:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_ARC:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_EARC:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE:
-                return true;
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* package */ static boolean isBluetoothOutputAttributes(
-            @Nullable AudioDeviceAttributes audioDeviceAttributes) {
-        if (audioDeviceAttributes == null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (audioDeviceAttributes.getRole() != AudioDeviceAttributes.ROLE_OUTPUT) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        switch (audioDeviceAttributes.getType()) {
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLE_SPEAKER:
-            case AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HEARING_AID:
-                return true;
-            default:
-                return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.java
index 8bc69c226d1a..a00999d08b5b 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.java
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package com.android.server.media;
 
 import static android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter.ACTIVE_DEVICE_AUDIO;
-import static android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter.STATE_CONNECTED;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -31,38 +30,37 @@ import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
-import android.media.AudioManager;
-import android.media.AudioSystem;
 import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Slog;
 import android.util.SparseBooleanArray;
-import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 /**
- * Controls bluetooth routes and provides selected route override.
+ * Maintains a list of connected {@link BluetoothDevice bluetooth devices} and allows their
+ * activation.
  *
- * <p>The controller offers similar functionality to {@link LegacyBluetoothRouteController} but does
- * not support routes selection logic. Instead, relies on external clients to make a decision
- * about currently selected route.
- *
- * <p>Selected route override should be used by {@link AudioManager} which is aware of Audio
- * Policies.
+ * <p>This class also serves as ground truth for assigning {@link MediaRoute2Info#getId() route ids}
+ * for bluetooth routes via {@link #getRouteIdForBluetoothAddress}.
  */
-/* package */ class AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController
-        implements BluetoothRouteController {
-    private static final String TAG = "APBtRouteController";
+// TODO: b/305199571 - Rename this class to remove the RouteController suffix, which causes
+// confusion with the BluetoothRouteController interface.
+/* package */ class AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController {
+    private static final String TAG = SystemMediaRoute2Provider.TAG;
 
     private static final String HEARING_AID_ROUTE_ID_PREFIX = "HEARING_AID_";
     private static final String LE_AUDIO_ROUTE_ID_PREFIX = "LE_AUDIO_";
@@ -75,11 +73,8 @@ import java.util.Set;
     private final DeviceStateChangedReceiver mDeviceStateChangedReceiver =
             new DeviceStateChangedReceiver();
 
-    @NonNull
-    private final Map<String, BluetoothRouteInfo> mBluetoothRoutes = new HashMap<>();
-
-    @NonNull
-    private final SparseIntArray mVolumeMap = new SparseIntArray();
+    @NonNull private Map<String, BluetoothDevice> mAddressToBondedDevice = new HashMap<>();
+    @NonNull private final Map<String, BluetoothRouteInfo> mBluetoothRoutes = new HashMap<>();
 
     @NonNull
     private final Context mContext;
@@ -89,11 +84,6 @@ import java.util.Set;
     private final BluetoothRouteController.BluetoothRoutesUpdatedListener mListener;
     @NonNull
     private final BluetoothProfileMonitor mBluetoothProfileMonitor;
-    @NonNull
-    private final AudioManager mAudioManager;
-
-    @Nullable
-    private BluetoothRouteInfo mSelectedBluetoothRoute;
 
     AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController(@NonNull Context context,
             @NonNull BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter,
@@ -107,21 +97,12 @@ import java.util.Set;
             @NonNull BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter,
             @NonNull BluetoothProfileMonitor bluetoothProfileMonitor,
             @NonNull BluetoothRouteController.BluetoothRoutesUpdatedListener listener) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(context);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(bluetoothAdapter);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(bluetoothProfileMonitor);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(listener);
-
-        mContext = context;
-        mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothAdapter;
-        mBluetoothProfileMonitor = bluetoothProfileMonitor;
-        mAudioManager = mContext.getSystemService(AudioManager.class);
-        mListener = listener;
-
-        updateBluetoothRoutes();
+        mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context);
+        mBluetoothAdapter = Objects.requireNonNull(bluetoothAdapter);
+        mBluetoothProfileMonitor = Objects.requireNonNull(bluetoothProfileMonitor);
+        mListener = Objects.requireNonNull(listener);
     }
 
-    @Override
     public void start(UserHandle user) {
         mBluetoothProfileMonitor.start();
 
@@ -133,122 +114,63 @@ import java.util.Set;
 
         IntentFilter deviceStateChangedIntentFilter = new IntentFilter();
 
-        deviceStateChangedIntentFilter.addAction(BluetoothA2dp.ACTION_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED);
         deviceStateChangedIntentFilter.addAction(BluetoothA2dp.ACTION_CONNECTION_STATE_CHANGED);
         deviceStateChangedIntentFilter.addAction(BluetoothHearingAid.ACTION_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED);
         deviceStateChangedIntentFilter.addAction(
                 BluetoothHearingAid.ACTION_CONNECTION_STATE_CHANGED);
         deviceStateChangedIntentFilter.addAction(
                 BluetoothLeAudio.ACTION_LE_AUDIO_CONNECTION_STATE_CHANGED);
-        deviceStateChangedIntentFilter.addAction(
-                BluetoothLeAudio.ACTION_LE_AUDIO_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED);
 
         mContext.registerReceiverAsUser(mDeviceStateChangedReceiver, user,
                 deviceStateChangedIntentFilter, null, null);
+        updateBluetoothRoutes();
     }
 
-    @Override
     public void stop() {
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mAdapterStateChangedReceiver);
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mDeviceStateChangedReceiver);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean selectRoute(@Nullable String deviceAddress) {
-        synchronized (this) {
-            // Fetch all available devices in order to avoid race conditions with Bluetooth stack.
-            updateBluetoothRoutes();
-
-            if (deviceAddress == null) {
-                mSelectedBluetoothRoute = null;
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            BluetoothRouteInfo bluetoothRouteInfo = mBluetoothRoutes.get(deviceAddress);
-
-            if (bluetoothRouteInfo == null) {
-                Slog.w(TAG, "Cannot find bluetooth route for " + deviceAddress);
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            mSelectedBluetoothRoute = bluetoothRouteInfo;
-            setRouteConnectionState(mSelectedBluetoothRoute, STATE_CONNECTED);
-
-            updateConnectivityStateForDevicesInTheSameGroup();
-
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Updates connectivity state for devices in the same devices group.
-     *
-     * <p>{@link BluetoothProfile#LE_AUDIO} and {@link BluetoothProfile#HEARING_AID} support
-     * grouping devices. Devices that belong to the same group should have the same routeId but
-     * different physical address.
-     *
-     * <p>In case one of the devices from the group is selected then other devices should also
-     * reflect this by changing their connectivity status to
-     * {@link MediaRoute2Info#CONNECTION_STATE_CONNECTED}.
-     */
-    private void updateConnectivityStateForDevicesInTheSameGroup() {
-        synchronized (this) {
-            for (BluetoothRouteInfo btRoute : mBluetoothRoutes.values()) {
-                if (TextUtils.equals(btRoute.mRoute.getId(), mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mRoute.getId())
-                        && !TextUtils.equals(btRoute.mBtDevice.getAddress(),
-                        mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mBtDevice.getAddress())) {
-                    setRouteConnectionState(btRoute, STATE_CONNECTED);
-                }
-            }
-        }
+    @Nullable
+    public synchronized String getRouteIdForBluetoothAddress(@Nullable String address) {
+        BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice = mAddressToBondedDevice.get(address);
+        // TODO: b/305199571 - Optimize the following statement to avoid creating the full
+        // MediaRoute2Info instance. We just need the id.
+        return bluetoothDevice != null
+                ? createBluetoothRoute(bluetoothDevice).mRoute.getId()
+                : null;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void transferTo(@Nullable String routeId) {
-        if (routeId == null) {
-            mBluetoothAdapter.removeActiveDevice(ACTIVE_DEVICE_AUDIO);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        BluetoothRouteInfo btRouteInfo = findBluetoothRouteWithRouteId(routeId);
+    public synchronized void activateBluetoothDeviceWithAddress(String address) {
+        BluetoothRouteInfo btRouteInfo = mBluetoothRoutes.get(address);
 
         if (btRouteInfo == null) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "transferTo: Unknown route. ID=" + routeId);
+            Slog.w(TAG, "activateBluetoothDeviceWithAddress: Ignoring unknown address " + address);
             return;
         }
-
         mBluetoothAdapter.setActiveDevice(btRouteInfo.mBtDevice, ACTIVE_DEVICE_AUDIO);
     }
 
-    @Nullable
-    private BluetoothRouteInfo findBluetoothRouteWithRouteId(@Nullable String routeId) {
-        if (routeId == null) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        synchronized (this) {
-            for (BluetoothRouteInfo btRouteInfo : mBluetoothRoutes.values()) {
-                if (TextUtils.equals(btRouteInfo.mRoute.getId(), routeId)) {
-                    return btRouteInfo;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
     private void updateBluetoothRoutes() {
         Set<BluetoothDevice> bondedDevices = mBluetoothAdapter.getBondedDevices();
 
-        if (bondedDevices == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-
         synchronized (this) {
             mBluetoothRoutes.clear();
-
-            // We need to query all available to BT stack devices in order to avoid inconsistency
-            // between external services, like, AndroidManager, and BT stack.
+            if (bondedDevices == null) {
+                // Bonded devices is null upon running into a BluetoothAdapter error.
+                Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothAdapter.getBondedDevices returned null.");
+                return;
+            }
+            // We don't clear bonded devices if we receive a null getBondedDevices result, because
+            // that probably means that the bluetooth stack ran into an issue. Not that all devices
+            // have been unpaired.
+            mAddressToBondedDevice =
+                    bondedDevices.stream()
+                            .collect(
+                                    Collectors.toMap(
+                                            BluetoothDevice::getAddress, Function.identity()));
             for (BluetoothDevice device : bondedDevices) {
-                if (isDeviceConnected(device)) {
+                if (device.isConnected()) {
                     BluetoothRouteInfo newBtRoute = createBluetoothRoute(device);
                     if (newBtRoute.mConnectedProfiles.size() > 0) {
                         mBluetoothRoutes.put(device.getAddress(), newBtRoute);
@@ -258,106 +180,51 @@ import java.util.Set;
         }
     }
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
-        /* package */ boolean isDeviceConnected(@NonNull BluetoothDevice device) {
-        return device.isConnected();
-    }
-
-    @Nullable
-    @Override
-    public MediaRoute2Info getSelectedRoute() {
-        synchronized (this) {
-            if (mSelectedBluetoothRoute == null) {
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            return mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mRoute;
-        }
-    }
-
     @NonNull
-    @Override
-    public List<MediaRoute2Info> getTransferableRoutes() {
-        List<MediaRoute2Info> routes = getAllBluetoothRoutes();
-        synchronized (this) {
-            if (mSelectedBluetoothRoute != null) {
-                routes.remove(mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mRoute);
-            }
-        }
-        return routes;
-    }
-
-    @NonNull
-    @Override
-    public List<MediaRoute2Info> getAllBluetoothRoutes() {
+    public List<MediaRoute2Info> getAvailableBluetoothRoutes() {
         List<MediaRoute2Info> routes = new ArrayList<>();
-        List<String> routeIds = new ArrayList<>();
-
-        MediaRoute2Info selectedRoute = getSelectedRoute();
-        if (selectedRoute != null) {
-            routes.add(selectedRoute);
-            routeIds.add(selectedRoute.getId());
-        }
+        Set<String> routeIds = new HashSet<>();
 
         synchronized (this) {
             for (BluetoothRouteInfo btRoute : mBluetoothRoutes.values()) {
-                // A pair of hearing aid devices or having the same hardware address
-                if (routeIds.contains(btRoute.mRoute.getId())) {
-                    continue;
+                // See createBluetoothRoute for info on why we do this.
+                if (routeIds.add(btRoute.mRoute.getId())) {
+                    routes.add(btRoute.mRoute);
                 }
-                routes.add(btRoute.mRoute);
-                routeIds.add(btRoute.mRoute.getId());
             }
         }
         return routes;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean updateVolumeForDevices(int devices, int volume) {
-        int routeType;
-        if ((devices & (AudioSystem.DEVICE_OUT_HEARING_AID)) != 0) {
-            routeType = MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HEARING_AID;
-        } else if ((devices & (AudioManager.DEVICE_OUT_BLUETOOTH_A2DP
-                | AudioManager.DEVICE_OUT_BLUETOOTH_A2DP_HEADPHONES
-                | AudioManager.DEVICE_OUT_BLUETOOTH_A2DP_SPEAKER)) != 0) {
-            routeType = MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP;
-        } else if ((devices & (AudioManager.DEVICE_OUT_BLE_HEADSET)) != 0) {
-            routeType = MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET;
-        } else {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        synchronized (this) {
-            mVolumeMap.put(routeType, volume);
-            if (mSelectedBluetoothRoute == null
-                    || mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mRoute.getType() != routeType) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mRoute =
-                    new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(mSelectedBluetoothRoute.mRoute)
-                            .setVolume(volume)
-                            .build();
-        }
-
-        notifyBluetoothRoutesUpdated();
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private void notifyBluetoothRoutesUpdated() {
         mListener.onBluetoothRoutesUpdated();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Creates a new {@link BluetoothRouteInfo}, including its member {@link
+     * BluetoothRouteInfo#mRoute}.
+     *
+     * <p>The most important logic in this method is around the {@link MediaRoute2Info#getId() route
+     * id} assignment. In some cases we want to group multiple {@link BluetoothDevice bluetooth
+     * devices} as a single media route. For example, the left and right hearing aids get exposed as
+     * two different BluetoothDevice instances, but we want to show them as a single route. In this
+     * case, we assign the same route id to all "group" bluetooth devices (like left and right
+     * hearing aids), so that a single route is exposed for both of them.
+     *
+     * <p>Deduplication by id happens downstream because we need to be able to refer to all
+     * bluetooth devices individually, since the audio stack refers to a bluetooth device group by
+     * any of its member devices.
+     */
     private BluetoothRouteInfo createBluetoothRoute(BluetoothDevice device) {
         BluetoothRouteInfo
                 newBtRoute = new BluetoothRouteInfo();
         newBtRoute.mBtDevice = device;
-
-        String routeId = device.getAddress();
         String deviceName = device.getName();
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(deviceName)) {
             deviceName = mContext.getResources().getText(R.string.unknownName).toString();
         }
+
+        String routeId = device.getAddress();
         int type = MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP;
         newBtRoute.mConnectedProfiles = new SparseBooleanArray();
         if (mBluetoothProfileMonitor.isProfileSupported(BluetoothProfile.A2DP, device)) {
@@ -365,7 +232,6 @@ import java.util.Set;
         }
         if (mBluetoothProfileMonitor.isProfileSupported(BluetoothProfile.HEARING_AID, device)) {
             newBtRoute.mConnectedProfiles.put(BluetoothProfile.HEARING_AID, true);
-            // Intentionally assign the same ID for a pair of devices to publish only one of them.
             routeId = HEARING_AID_ROUTE_ID_PREFIX
                     + mBluetoothProfileMonitor.getGroupId(BluetoothProfile.HEARING_AID, device);
             type = MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HEARING_AID;
@@ -377,66 +243,27 @@ import java.util.Set;
             type = MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET;
         }
 
-        // Current volume will be set when connected.
-        newBtRoute.mRoute = new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(routeId, deviceName)
-                .addFeature(MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LIVE_AUDIO)
-                .addFeature(MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LOCAL_PLAYBACK)
-                .setConnectionState(MediaRoute2Info.CONNECTION_STATE_DISCONNECTED)
-                .setDescription(mContext.getResources().getText(
-                        R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name).toString())
-                .setType(type)
-                .setVolumeHandling(MediaRoute2Info.PLAYBACK_VOLUME_VARIABLE)
-                .setVolumeMax(mAudioManager.getStreamMaxVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC))
-                .setAddress(device.getAddress())
-                .build();
+        // Note that volume is only relevant for active bluetooth routes, and those are managed via
+        // AudioManager.
+        newBtRoute.mRoute =
+                new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(routeId, deviceName)
+                        .addFeature(MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LIVE_AUDIO)
+                        .addFeature(MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LOCAL_PLAYBACK)
+                        .setConnectionState(MediaRoute2Info.CONNECTION_STATE_DISCONNECTED)
+                        .setDescription(
+                                mContext.getResources()
+                                        .getText(R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name)
+                                        .toString())
+                        .setType(type)
+                        .setAddress(device.getAddress())
+                        .build();
         return newBtRoute;
     }
 
-    private void setRouteConnectionState(@NonNull BluetoothRouteInfo btRoute,
-            @MediaRoute2Info.ConnectionState int state) {
-        if (btRoute == null) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "setRouteConnectionState: route shouldn't be null");
-            return;
-        }
-        if (btRoute.mRoute.getConnectionState() == state) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        MediaRoute2Info.Builder builder = new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(btRoute.mRoute)
-                .setConnectionState(state);
-        builder.setType(btRoute.getRouteType());
-
-
-
-        if (state == MediaRoute2Info.CONNECTION_STATE_CONNECTED) {
-            int currentVolume;
-            synchronized (this) {
-                currentVolume = mVolumeMap.get(btRoute.getRouteType(), 0);
-            }
-            builder.setVolume(currentVolume);
-        }
-
-        btRoute.mRoute = builder.build();
-    }
-
     private static class BluetoothRouteInfo {
         private BluetoothDevice mBtDevice;
         private MediaRoute2Info mRoute;
         private SparseBooleanArray mConnectedProfiles;
-
-        @MediaRoute2Info.Type
-        int getRouteType() {
-            // Let hearing aid profile have a priority.
-            if (mConnectedProfiles.get(BluetoothProfile.HEARING_AID, false)) {
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HEARING_AID;
-            }
-
-            if (mConnectedProfiles.get(BluetoothProfile.LE_AUDIO, false)) {
-                return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET;
-            }
-
-            return MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP;
-        }
     }
 
     private class AdapterStateChangedReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@@ -468,9 +295,6 @@ import java.util.Set;
         @Override
         public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
             switch (intent.getAction()) {
-                case BluetoothA2dp.ACTION_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED:
-                case BluetoothHearingAid.ACTION_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED:
-                case BluetoothLeAudio.ACTION_LE_AUDIO_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED:
                 case BluetoothA2dp.ACTION_CONNECTION_STATE_CHANGED:
                 case BluetoothHearingAid.ACTION_CONNECTION_STATE_CHANGED:
                 case BluetoothLeAudio.ACTION_LE_AUDIO_CONNECTION_STATE_CHANGED:
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController.java
index 6bdfae2dc02f..246d68dec472 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController.java
@@ -17,228 +17,596 @@
 package com.android.server.media;
 
 import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LIVE_AUDIO;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LIVE_VIDEO;
 import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.FEATURE_LOCAL_PLAYBACK;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI_ARC;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI_EARC;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_USB_DEVICE;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES;
-import static android.media.MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET;
 
+import android.Manifest;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
+import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
+import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.media.AudioAttributes;
+import android.media.AudioDeviceAttributes;
+import android.media.AudioDeviceCallback;
+import android.media.AudioDeviceInfo;
 import android.media.AudioManager;
-import android.media.AudioRoutesInfo;
-import android.media.IAudioRoutesObserver;
-import android.media.IAudioService;
 import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
-import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.media.audiopolicy.AudioProductStrategy;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerExecutor;
+import android.os.Looper;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.text.TextUtils;
 import android.util.Slog;
+import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
-import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.server.media.BluetoothRouteController.NoOpBluetoothRouteController;
 
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
+/**
+ * Maintains a list of all available routes and supports transfers to any of them.
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation is intended for use in conjunction with {@link
+ * NoOpBluetoothRouteController}, as it manages bluetooth devices directly.
+ *
+ * <p>This implementation obtains and manages all routes via {@link AudioManager}, with the
+ * exception of {@link AudioManager#handleBluetoothActiveDeviceChanged inactive bluetooth} routes
+ * which are managed by {@link AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController}, which depends on the
+ * bluetooth stack (for example {@link BluetoothAdapter}.
+ */
+// TODO: b/305199571 - Rename this class to avoid the AudioPolicies prefix, which has been flagged
+// by the audio team as a confusing name.
 /* package */ final class AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController implements DeviceRouteController {
+    private static final String TAG = SystemMediaRoute2Provider.TAG;
 
-    private static final String TAG = "APDeviceRoutesController";
-
-    @NonNull
-    private final Context mContext;
     @NonNull
-    private final AudioManager mAudioManager;
-    @NonNull
-    private final IAudioService mAudioService;
+    private static final AudioAttributes MEDIA_USAGE_AUDIO_ATTRIBUTES =
+            new AudioAttributes.Builder().setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA).build();
 
     @NonNull
-    private final OnDeviceRouteChangedListener mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener;
-    @NonNull
-    private final AudioRoutesObserver mAudioRoutesObserver = new AudioRoutesObserver();
+    private static final SparseArray<SystemRouteInfo> AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO =
+            new SparseArray<>();
 
-    private int mDeviceVolume;
+    @NonNull private final Context mContext;
+    @NonNull private final AudioManager mAudioManager;
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final OnDeviceRouteChangedListener mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener;
+    @NonNull private final AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController mBluetoothRouteController;
 
     @NonNull
-    private MediaRoute2Info mDeviceRoute;
-    @Nullable
-    private MediaRoute2Info mSelectedRoute;
+    private final Map<String, MediaRoute2InfoHolder> mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes =
+            new HashMap<>();
+
+    @NonNull private final AudioProductStrategy mStrategyForMedia;
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    /* package */ AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController(@NonNull Context context,
+    @NonNull private final AudioDeviceCallback mAudioDeviceCallback = new AudioDeviceCallbackImpl();
+
+    @NonNull
+    private final AudioManager.OnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener
+            mOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener = this::onDevicesForAttributesChangedListener;
+
+    @NonNull private MediaRoute2Info mSelectedRoute;
+
+    // TODO: b/305199571 - Support nullable btAdapter and strategyForMedia which, when null, means
+    // no support for transferring to inactive bluetooth routes and transferring to any routes
+    // respectively.
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            anyOf = {
+                Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+            })
+    /* package */ AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController(
+            @NonNull Context context,
             @NonNull AudioManager audioManager,
-            @NonNull IAudioService audioService,
+            @NonNull Looper looper,
+            @NonNull AudioProductStrategy strategyForMedia,
+            @NonNull BluetoothAdapter btAdapter,
             @NonNull OnDeviceRouteChangedListener onDeviceRouteChangedListener) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(context);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(audioManager);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(audioService);
-        Objects.requireNonNull(onDeviceRouteChangedListener);
+        mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context);
+        mAudioManager = Objects.requireNonNull(audioManager);
+        mHandler = new Handler(Objects.requireNonNull(looper));
+        mStrategyForMedia = Objects.requireNonNull(strategyForMedia);
+        mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener = Objects.requireNonNull(onDeviceRouteChangedListener);
+        mBluetoothRouteController =
+                new AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController(
+                        mContext, btAdapter, this::rebuildAvailableRoutesAndNotify);
+        // Just build routes but don't notify. The caller may not expect the listener to be invoked
+        // before this constructor has finished executing.
+        rebuildAvailableRoutes();
+    }
 
-        mContext = context;
-        mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener = onDeviceRouteChangedListener;
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            anyOf = {
+                Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+            })
+    @Override
+    public void start(UserHandle mUser) {
+        mBluetoothRouteController.start(mUser);
+        mAudioManager.registerAudioDeviceCallback(mAudioDeviceCallback, mHandler);
+        mAudioManager.addOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener(
+                AudioRoutingUtils.ATTRIBUTES_MEDIA,
+                new HandlerExecutor(mHandler),
+                mOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener);
+    }
 
-        mAudioManager = audioManager;
-        mAudioService = audioService;
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            anyOf = {
+                Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+            })
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+        mAudioManager.removeOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener(
+                mOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener);
+        mAudioManager.unregisterAudioDeviceCallback(mAudioDeviceCallback);
+        mBluetoothRouteController.stop();
+        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(/* token= */ null);
+    }
 
-        AudioRoutesInfo newAudioRoutes = null;
-        try {
-            newAudioRoutes = mAudioService.startWatchingRoutes(mAudioRoutesObserver);
-        } catch (RemoteException e) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "Cannot connect to audio service to start listen to routes", e);
-        }
+    @Override
+    @NonNull
+    public synchronized MediaRoute2Info getSelectedRoute() {
+        return mSelectedRoute;
+    }
 
-        mDeviceRoute = createRouteFromAudioInfo(newAudioRoutes);
+    @Override
+    @NonNull
+    public synchronized List<MediaRoute2Info> getAvailableRoutes() {
+        return mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.values().stream()
+                .map(it -> it.mMediaRoute2Info)
+                .toList();
     }
 
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING)
     @Override
-    public synchronized boolean selectRoute(@Nullable Integer type) {
-        if (type == null) {
-            mSelectedRoute = null;
-            return true;
+    public synchronized void transferTo(@Nullable String routeId) {
+        if (routeId == null) {
+            // This should never happen: This branch should only execute when the matching bluetooth
+            // route controller is not the no-op one.
+            // TODO: b/305199571 - Make routeId non-null and remove this branch once we remove the
+            // legacy route controller implementations.
+            Slog.e(TAG, "Unexpected call to AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController#transferTo(null)");
+            return;
         }
-
-        if (!isDeviceRouteType(type)) {
-            return false;
+        MediaRoute2InfoHolder mediaRoute2InfoHolder = mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.get(routeId);
+        if (mediaRoute2InfoHolder == null) {
+            Slog.w(TAG, "transferTo: Ignoring transfer request to unknown route id : " + routeId);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (mediaRoute2InfoHolder.mCorrespondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute) {
+            // By default, the last connected device is the active route so we don't need to apply a
+            // routing audio policy.
+            mBluetoothRouteController.activateBluetoothDeviceWithAddress(
+                    mediaRoute2InfoHolder.mMediaRoute2Info.getAddress());
+            mAudioManager.removePreferredDeviceForStrategy(mStrategyForMedia);
+        } else {
+            AudioDeviceAttributes attr =
+                    new AudioDeviceAttributes(
+                            AudioDeviceAttributes.ROLE_OUTPUT,
+                            mediaRoute2InfoHolder.mAudioDeviceInfoType,
+                            /* address= */ ""); // This is not a BT device, hence no address needed.
+            mAudioManager.setPreferredDeviceForStrategy(mStrategyForMedia, attr);
         }
+    }
 
-        mSelectedRoute = createRouteFromAudioInfo(type);
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            anyOf = {
+                Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+            })
+    @Override
+    public synchronized boolean updateVolume(int volume) {
+        // TODO: b/305199571 - Optimize so that we only update the volume of the selected route. We
+        // don't need to rebuild all available routes.
+        rebuildAvailableRoutesAndNotify();
         return true;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    @NonNull
-    public synchronized MediaRoute2Info getSelectedRoute() {
-        if (mSelectedRoute != null) {
-            return mSelectedRoute;
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            anyOf = {
+                Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+            })
+    private void onDevicesForAttributesChangedListener(
+            AudioAttributes attributes, List<AudioDeviceAttributes> unusedAudioDeviceAttributes) {
+        if (attributes.getUsage() == AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA) {
+            // We only care about the media usage. Ignore everything else.
+            rebuildAvailableRoutesAndNotify();
         }
-        return mDeviceRoute;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public synchronized boolean updateVolume(int volume) {
-        if (mDeviceVolume == volume) {
-            return false;
-        }
+    private synchronized void rebuildAvailableRoutesAndNotify() {
+        rebuildAvailableRoutes();
+        mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener.onDeviceRouteChanged();
+    }
 
-        mDeviceVolume = volume;
+    @RequiresPermission(
+            anyOf = {
+                Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+            })
+    private synchronized void rebuildAvailableRoutes() {
+        List<AudioDeviceAttributes> attributesOfSelectedOutputDevices =
+                mAudioManager.getDevicesForAttributes(MEDIA_USAGE_AUDIO_ATTRIBUTES);
+        int selectedDeviceAttributesType;
+        if (attributesOfSelectedOutputDevices.isEmpty()) {
+            Slog.e(
+                    TAG,
+                    "Unexpected empty list of output devices for media. Using built-in speakers.");
+            selectedDeviceAttributesType = AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER;
+        } else {
+            if (attributesOfSelectedOutputDevices.size() > 1) {
+                Slog.w(
+                        TAG,
+                        "AudioManager.getDevicesForAttributes returned more than one element. Using"
+                                + " the first one.");
+            }
+            selectedDeviceAttributesType = attributesOfSelectedOutputDevices.get(0).getType();
+        }
 
-        if (mSelectedRoute != null) {
-            mSelectedRoute = new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(mSelectedRoute)
-                    .setVolume(volume)
-                    .build();
+        AudioDeviceInfo[] audioDeviceInfos =
+                mAudioManager.getDevices(AudioManager.GET_DEVICES_OUTPUTS);
+        mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.clear();
+        MediaRoute2InfoHolder newSelectedRouteHolder = null;
+        for (AudioDeviceInfo audioDeviceInfo : audioDeviceInfos) {
+            MediaRoute2Info mediaRoute2Info =
+                    createMediaRoute2InfoFromAudioDeviceInfo(audioDeviceInfo);
+            // Null means audioDeviceInfo is not a supported media output, like a phone's builtin
+            // earpiece. We ignore those.
+            if (mediaRoute2Info != null) {
+                int audioDeviceInfoType = audioDeviceInfo.getType();
+                MediaRoute2InfoHolder newHolder =
+                        MediaRoute2InfoHolder.createForAudioManagerRoute(
+                                mediaRoute2Info, audioDeviceInfoType);
+                mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.put(mediaRoute2Info.getId(), newHolder);
+                if (selectedDeviceAttributesType == audioDeviceInfoType) {
+                    newSelectedRouteHolder = newHolder;
+                }
+            }
         }
 
-        mDeviceRoute = new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(mDeviceRoute)
-                .setVolume(volume)
-                .build();
+        if (mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.isEmpty()) {
+            // Due to an unknown reason (possibly an audio server crash), we ended up with an empty
+            // list of routes. Our entire codebase assumes at least one system route always exists,
+            // so we create a placeholder route represented as a built-in speaker for
+            // user-presentation purposes.
+            Slog.e(TAG, "Ended up with an empty list of routes. Creating a placeholder route.");
+            MediaRoute2InfoHolder placeholderRouteHolder = createPlaceholderBuiltinSpeakerRoute();
+            String placeholderRouteId = placeholderRouteHolder.mMediaRoute2Info.getId();
+            mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.put(placeholderRouteId, placeholderRouteHolder);
+        }
 
-        return true;
+        if (newSelectedRouteHolder == null) {
+            Slog.e(
+                    TAG,
+                    "Could not map this selected device attribute type to an available route: "
+                            + selectedDeviceAttributesType);
+            // We know mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes is not empty.
+            newSelectedRouteHolder = mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.values().iterator().next();
+        }
+        MediaRoute2InfoHolder selectedRouteHolderWithUpdatedVolumeInfo =
+                newSelectedRouteHolder.copyWithVolumeInfoFromAudioManager(mAudioManager);
+        mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.put(
+                newSelectedRouteHolder.mMediaRoute2Info.getId(),
+                selectedRouteHolderWithUpdatedVolumeInfo);
+        mSelectedRoute = selectedRouteHolderWithUpdatedVolumeInfo.mMediaRoute2Info;
+
+        // We only add those BT routes that we have not already obtained from audio manager (which
+        // are active).
+        mBluetoothRouteController.getAvailableBluetoothRoutes().stream()
+                .filter(it -> !mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.containsKey(it.getId()))
+                .map(MediaRoute2InfoHolder::createForInactiveBluetoothRoute)
+                .forEach(
+                        it -> mRouteIdToAvailableDeviceRoutes.put(it.mMediaRoute2Info.getId(), it));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
-    private MediaRoute2Info createRouteFromAudioInfo(@Nullable AudioRoutesInfo newRoutes) {
-        int type = TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER;
-
-        if (newRoutes != null) {
-            if ((newRoutes.mainType & AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES) != 0) {
-                type = TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES;
-            } else if ((newRoutes.mainType & AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADSET) != 0) {
-                type = TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET;
-            } else if ((newRoutes.mainType & AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_DOCK_SPEAKERS) != 0) {
-                type = TYPE_DOCK;
-            } else if ((newRoutes.mainType & AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HDMI) != 0) {
-                type = TYPE_HDMI;
-            } else if ((newRoutes.mainType & AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_USB) != 0) {
-                type = TYPE_USB_DEVICE;
-            }
-        }
+    private MediaRoute2InfoHolder createPlaceholderBuiltinSpeakerRoute() {
+        int type = AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER;
+        return MediaRoute2InfoHolder.createForAudioManagerRoute(
+                createMediaRoute2Info(
+                        /* routeId= */ null, type, /* productName= */ null, /* address= */ null),
+                type);
+    }
 
-        return createRouteFromAudioInfo(type);
+    @Nullable
+    private MediaRoute2Info createMediaRoute2InfoFromAudioDeviceInfo(
+            AudioDeviceInfo audioDeviceInfo) {
+        String address = audioDeviceInfo.getAddress();
+        // Passing a null route id means we want to get the default id for the route. Generally, we
+        // only expect to pass null for non-Bluetooth routes.
+        String routeId =
+                TextUtils.isEmpty(address)
+                        ? null
+                        : mBluetoothRouteController.getRouteIdForBluetoothAddress(address);
+        return createMediaRoute2Info(
+                routeId, audioDeviceInfo.getType(), audioDeviceInfo.getProductName(), address);
     }
 
-    @NonNull
-    private MediaRoute2Info createRouteFromAudioInfo(@MediaRoute2Info.Type int type) {
-        int name = R.string.default_audio_route_name;
-        switch (type) {
-            case TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES:
-            case TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET:
-                name = R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones;
-                break;
-            case TYPE_DOCK:
-                name = R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers;
-                break;
-            case TYPE_HDMI:
-            case TYPE_HDMI_ARC:
-            case TYPE_HDMI_EARC:
-                name = R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device;
-                break;
-            case TYPE_USB_DEVICE:
-                name = R.string.default_audio_route_name_usb;
-                break;
-        }
-
-        synchronized (this) {
-            return new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(
-                            MediaRoute2Info.ROUTE_ID_DEVICE,
-                            mContext.getResources().getText(name).toString())
-                    .setVolumeHandling(
-                            mAudioManager.isVolumeFixed()
-                                    ? MediaRoute2Info.PLAYBACK_VOLUME_FIXED
-                                    : MediaRoute2Info.PLAYBACK_VOLUME_VARIABLE)
-                    .setVolume(mDeviceVolume)
-                    .setVolumeMax(mAudioManager.getStreamMaxVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC))
-                    .setType(type)
-                    .addFeature(FEATURE_LIVE_AUDIO)
-                    .addFeature(FEATURE_LIVE_VIDEO)
-                    .addFeature(FEATURE_LOCAL_PLAYBACK)
-                    .setConnectionState(MediaRoute2Info.CONNECTION_STATE_CONNECTED)
-                    .build();
+    /**
+     * Creates a new {@link MediaRoute2Info} using the provided information.
+     *
+     * @param routeId A route id, or null to use an id pre-defined for the given {@code type}.
+     * @param audioDeviceInfoType The type as obtained from {@link AudioDeviceInfo#getType}.
+     * @param productName The product name as obtained from {@link
+     *     AudioDeviceInfo#getProductName()}, or null to use a predefined name for the given {@code
+     *     type}.
+     * @param address The type as obtained from {@link AudioDeviceInfo#getAddress()} or {@link
+     *     BluetoothDevice#getAddress()}.
+     * @return The new {@link MediaRoute2Info}.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private MediaRoute2Info createMediaRoute2Info(
+            @Nullable String routeId,
+            int audioDeviceInfoType,
+            @Nullable CharSequence productName,
+            @Nullable String address) {
+        SystemRouteInfo systemRouteInfo =
+                AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.get(audioDeviceInfoType);
+        if (systemRouteInfo == null) {
+            // Device type that's intentionally unsupported for media output, like the built-in
+            // earpiece.
+            return null;
+        }
+        CharSequence humanReadableName = productName;
+        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(humanReadableName)) {
+            humanReadableName = mContext.getResources().getText(systemRouteInfo.mNameResource);
+        }
+        if (routeId == null) {
+            // The caller hasn't provided an id, so we use a pre-defined one. This happens when we
+            // are creating a non-BT route, or we are creating a BT route but a race condition
+            // caused AudioManager to expose the BT route before BluetoothAdapter, preventing us
+            // from getting an id using BluetoothRouteController#getRouteIdForBluetoothAddress.
+            routeId = systemRouteInfo.mDefaultRouteId;
         }
+        return new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(routeId, humanReadableName)
+                .setType(systemRouteInfo.mMediaRoute2InfoType)
+                .setAddress(address)
+                .setSystemRoute(true)
+                .addFeature(FEATURE_LIVE_AUDIO)
+                .addFeature(FEATURE_LOCAL_PLAYBACK)
+                .setConnectionState(MediaRoute2Info.CONNECTION_STATE_CONNECTED)
+                .build();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Checks if the given type is a device route.
-     *
-     * <p>Device route means a route which is either built-in or wired to the current device.
-     *
-     * @param type specifies the type of the device.
-     * @return {@code true} if the device is wired or built-in and {@code false} otherwise.
+     * Holds a {@link MediaRoute2Info} and associated information that we don't want to put in the
+     * {@link MediaRoute2Info} class because it's solely necessary for the implementation of this
+     * class.
      */
-    private boolean isDeviceRouteType(@MediaRoute2Info.Type int type) {
-        switch (type) {
-            case TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER:
-            case TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES:
-            case TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET:
-            case TYPE_DOCK:
-            case TYPE_HDMI:
-            case TYPE_HDMI_ARC:
-            case TYPE_HDMI_EARC:
-            case TYPE_USB_DEVICE:
-                return true;
-            default:
-                return false;
+    private static class MediaRoute2InfoHolder {
+
+        public final MediaRoute2Info mMediaRoute2Info;
+        public final int mAudioDeviceInfoType;
+        public final boolean mCorrespondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute;
+
+        public static MediaRoute2InfoHolder createForAudioManagerRoute(
+                MediaRoute2Info mediaRoute2Info, int audioDeviceInfoType) {
+            return new MediaRoute2InfoHolder(
+                    mediaRoute2Info,
+                    audioDeviceInfoType,
+                    /* correspondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute= */ false);
+        }
+
+        public static MediaRoute2InfoHolder createForInactiveBluetoothRoute(
+                MediaRoute2Info mediaRoute2Info) {
+            // There's no corresponding audio device info, hence the audio device info type is
+            // unknown.
+            return new MediaRoute2InfoHolder(
+                    mediaRoute2Info,
+                    /* audioDeviceInfoType= */ AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                    /* correspondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute= */ true);
+        }
+
+        private MediaRoute2InfoHolder(
+                MediaRoute2Info mediaRoute2Info,
+                int audioDeviceInfoType,
+                boolean correspondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute) {
+            mMediaRoute2Info = mediaRoute2Info;
+            mAudioDeviceInfoType = audioDeviceInfoType;
+            mCorrespondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute = correspondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute;
+        }
+
+        public MediaRoute2InfoHolder copyWithVolumeInfoFromAudioManager(
+                AudioManager mAudioManager) {
+            MediaRoute2Info routeInfoWithVolumeInfo =
+                    new MediaRoute2Info.Builder(mMediaRoute2Info)
+                            .setVolumeHandling(
+                                    mAudioManager.isVolumeFixed()
+                                            ? MediaRoute2Info.PLAYBACK_VOLUME_FIXED
+                                            : MediaRoute2Info.PLAYBACK_VOLUME_VARIABLE)
+                            .setVolume(mAudioManager.getStreamVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC))
+                            .setVolumeMax(
+                                    mAudioManager.getStreamMaxVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC))
+                            .build();
+            return new MediaRoute2InfoHolder(
+                    routeInfoWithVolumeInfo,
+                    mAudioDeviceInfoType,
+                    mCorrespondsToInactiveBluetoothRoute);
         }
     }
 
-    private class AudioRoutesObserver extends IAudioRoutesObserver.Stub {
+    /**
+     * Holds route information about an {@link AudioDeviceInfo#getType() audio device info type}.
+     */
+    private static class SystemRouteInfo {
+        /** The type to use for {@link MediaRoute2Info#getType()}. */
+        public final int mMediaRoute2InfoType;
+
+        /**
+         * Holds the route id to use if no other id is provided.
+         *
+         * <p>We only expect this id to be used for non-bluetooth routes. For bluetooth routes, in a
+         * normal scenario, the id is generated from the device information (like address, or
+         * hiSyncId), and this value is ignored. A non-normal scenario may occur when there's race
+         * condition between {@link BluetoothAdapter} and {@link AudioManager}, who are not
+         * synchronized.
+         */
+        public final String mDefaultRouteId;
+
+        /**
+         * The name to use for {@link MediaRoute2Info#getName()}.
+         *
+         * <p>Usually replaced by the UI layer with a localized string.
+         */
+        public final int mNameResource;
+
+        private SystemRouteInfo(int mediaRoute2InfoType, String defaultRouteId, int nameResource) {
+            mMediaRoute2InfoType = mediaRoute2InfoType;
+            mDefaultRouteId = defaultRouteId;
+            mNameResource = nameResource;
+        }
+    }
 
+    private class AudioDeviceCallbackImpl extends AudioDeviceCallback {
+        @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING)
         @Override
-        public void dispatchAudioRoutesChanged(AudioRoutesInfo newAudioRoutes) {
-            boolean isDeviceRouteChanged;
-            MediaRoute2Info deviceRoute = createRouteFromAudioInfo(newAudioRoutes);
-
-            synchronized (AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController.this) {
-                mDeviceRoute = deviceRoute;
-                isDeviceRouteChanged = mSelectedRoute == null;
+        public void onAudioDevicesAdded(AudioDeviceInfo[] addedDevices) {
+            for (AudioDeviceInfo deviceInfo : addedDevices) {
+                if (AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.contains(deviceInfo.getType())) {
+                    // When a new valid media output is connected, we clear any routing policies so
+                    // that the default routing logic from the audio framework kicks in. As a result
+                    // of this, when the user connects a bluetooth device or a wired headset, the
+                    // new device becomes the active route, which is the traditional behavior.
+                    mAudioManager.removePreferredDeviceForStrategy(mStrategyForMedia);
+                    rebuildAvailableRoutesAndNotify();
+                    break;
+                }
             }
+        }
 
-            if (isDeviceRouteChanged) {
-                mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener.onDeviceRouteChanged();
+        @RequiresPermission(
+                anyOf = {
+                    Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING,
+                    Manifest.permission.QUERY_AUDIO_STATE
+                })
+        @Override
+        public void onAudioDevicesRemoved(AudioDeviceInfo[] removedDevices) {
+            for (AudioDeviceInfo deviceInfo : removedDevices) {
+                if (AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.contains(deviceInfo.getType())) {
+                    rebuildAvailableRoutesAndNotify();
+                    break;
+                }
             }
         }
     }
 
+    static {
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_BUILTIN_SPEAKER",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_WIRED_HEADSET",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_WIRED_HEADPHONES",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_BLUETOOTH_A2DP",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_HDMI",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_DOCK,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_DOCK",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_USB_DEVICE,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_USB_DEVICE",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_usb));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_HEADSET,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_USB_HEADSET,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_USB_HEADSET",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_usb));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_ARC,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI_ARC,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_HDMI_ARC",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HDMI_EARC,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI_EARC,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_HDMI_EARC",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device));
+        // TODO: b/305199571 - Add a proper type constants and human readable names for AUX_LINE,
+        // LINE_ANALOG, LINE_DIGITAL, BLE_BROADCAST, BLE_SPEAKER, BLE_HEADSET, and HEARING_AID.
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_HEARING_AID,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HEARING_AID,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_HEARING_AID",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_BLE_HEADSET",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLE_SPEAKER,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET, // TODO: b/305199571 - Make a new type.
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_BLE_SPEAKER",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_BLE_BROADCAST,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLE_HEADSET,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_BLE_BROADCAST",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.bluetooth_a2dp_audio_route_name));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_LINE_DIGITAL,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_LINE_DIGITAL",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_LINE_ANALOG,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_LINE_ANALOG",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_AUX_LINE,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_AUX_LINE",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_external_device));
+        AUDIO_DEVICE_INFO_TYPE_TO_ROUTE_INFO.put(
+                AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_DOCK_ANALOG,
+                new SystemRouteInfo(
+                        MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK,
+                        /* defaultRouteId= */ "ROUTE_ID_DOCK_ANALOG",
+                        /* nameResource= */ R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioRoutingUtils.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioRoutingUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..13f11eb80ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/AudioRoutingUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.media;
+
+import android.Manifest;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
+import android.media.AudioAttributes;
+import android.media.AudioManager;
+import android.media.audiopolicy.AudioProductStrategy;
+
+/** Holds utils related to routing in the audio framework. */
+/* package */ final class AudioRoutingUtils {
+
+    /* package */ static final AudioAttributes ATTRIBUTES_MEDIA =
+            new AudioAttributes.Builder().setUsage(AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA).build();
+
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING)
+    @Nullable
+    /* package */ static AudioProductStrategy getMediaAudioProductStrategy() {
+        for (AudioProductStrategy strategy : AudioManager.getAudioProductStrategies()) {
+            if (strategy.supportsAudioAttributes(AudioRoutingUtils.ATTRIBUTES_MEDIA)) {
+                return strategy;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private AudioRoutingUtils() {
+        // no-op to prevent instantiation.
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/BluetoothRouteController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/BluetoothRouteController.java
index 2b01001fd7d1..74fdf6ee1d7f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/BluetoothRouteController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/BluetoothRouteController.java
@@ -44,19 +44,11 @@ import java.util.Objects;
     @NonNull
     static BluetoothRouteController createInstance(@NonNull Context context,
             @NonNull BluetoothRouteController.BluetoothRoutesUpdatedListener listener) {
-        Objects.requireNonNull(context);
         Objects.requireNonNull(listener);
+        BluetoothAdapter btAdapter = context.getSystemService(BluetoothManager.class).getAdapter();
 
-        BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager)
-                context.getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
-        BluetoothAdapter btAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
-
-        if (btAdapter == null) {
+        if (btAdapter == null || Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
             return new NoOpBluetoothRouteController();
-        }
-
-        if (Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
-            return new AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController(context, btAdapter, listener);
         } else {
             return new LegacyBluetoothRouteController(context, btAdapter, listener);
         }
@@ -74,17 +66,6 @@ import java.util.Objects;
      */
     void stop();
 
-
-    /**
-     * Selects the route with the given {@code deviceAddress}.
-     *
-     * @param deviceAddress The physical address of the device to select. May be null to unselect
-     *                      the currently selected device.
-     * @return Whether the selection succeeds. If the selection fails, the state of the instance
-     * remains unaltered.
-     */
-    boolean selectRoute(@Nullable String deviceAddress);
-
     /**
      * Transfers Bluetooth output to the given route.
      *
@@ -158,12 +139,6 @@ import java.util.Objects;
         }
 
         @Override
-        public boolean selectRoute(String deviceAddress) {
-            // no op
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        @Override
         public void transferTo(String routeId) {
             // no op
         }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteController.java
index 0fdaaa7604e5..9f175a9a0277 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteController.java
@@ -16,17 +16,25 @@
 
 package com.android.server.media;
 
+import android.Manifest;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.RequiresPermission;
+import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
+import android.bluetooth.BluetoothManager;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.media.AudioManager;
-import android.media.IAudioRoutesObserver;
 import android.media.IAudioService;
 import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
+import android.media.audiopolicy.AudioProductStrategy;
+import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.ServiceManager;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
 
 import com.android.media.flags.Flags;
 
+import java.util.List;
+
 /**
  * Controls device routes.
  *
@@ -37,44 +45,65 @@ import com.android.media.flags.Flags;
  */
 /* package */ interface DeviceRouteController {
 
-    /**
-     * Returns a new instance of {@link DeviceRouteController}.
-     */
-    /* package */ static DeviceRouteController createInstance(@NonNull Context context,
+    /** Returns a new instance of {@link DeviceRouteController}. */
+    @RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.MODIFY_AUDIO_ROUTING)
+    /* package */ static DeviceRouteController createInstance(
+            @NonNull Context context,
+            @NonNull Looper looper,
             @NonNull OnDeviceRouteChangedListener onDeviceRouteChangedListener) {
         AudioManager audioManager = context.getSystemService(AudioManager.class);
-        IAudioService audioService = IAudioService.Stub.asInterface(
-                ServiceManager.getService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE));
+        AudioProductStrategy strategyForMedia = AudioRoutingUtils.getMediaAudioProductStrategy();
 
-        if (Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
-            return new AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController(context,
+        BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = context.getSystemService(BluetoothManager.class);
+        BluetoothAdapter btAdapter =
+                bluetoothManager != null ? bluetoothManager.getAdapter() : null;
+
+        // TODO: b/305199571 - Make the audio policies implementation work without the need for a
+        // bluetooth adapter or a strategy for media. If no strategy for media is available we can
+        // disallow media router transfers, and without a bluetooth adapter we can remove support
+        // for transfers to inactive bluetooth routes.
+        if (strategyForMedia != null
+                && btAdapter != null
+                && Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
+            return new AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController(
+                    context,
                     audioManager,
-                    audioService,
+                    looper,
+                    strategyForMedia,
+                    btAdapter,
                     onDeviceRouteChangedListener);
         } else {
-            return new LegacyDeviceRouteController(context,
-                    audioManager,
-                    audioService,
-                    onDeviceRouteChangedListener);
+            IAudioService audioService =
+                    IAudioService.Stub.asInterface(
+                            ServiceManager.getService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE));
+            return new LegacyDeviceRouteController(
+                    context, audioManager, audioService, onDeviceRouteChangedListener);
         }
     }
 
+    /** Returns the currently selected device (built-in or wired) route. */
+    @NonNull
+    MediaRoute2Info getSelectedRoute();
+
     /**
-     * Select the route with the given built-in or wired {@link MediaRoute2Info.Type}.
-     *
-     * <p>If the type is {@code null} then unselects the route and falls back to the default device
-     * route observed from
-     * {@link com.android.server.audio.AudioService#startWatchingRoutes(IAudioRoutesObserver)}.
+     * Returns all available routes.
      *
-     * @param type device type. May be {@code null} to unselect currently selected route.
-     * @return whether the selection succeeds. If the selection fails the state of the controller
-     * remains intact.
+     * <p>Note that this method returns available routes including the selected route because (a)
+     * this interface doesn't guarantee that the internal state of the controller won't change
+     * between calls to {@link #getSelectedRoute()} and this method and (b) {@link
+     * #getSelectedRoute()} may be treated as a transferable route (not a selected route) if the
+     * selected route is from {@link BluetoothRouteController}.
      */
-    boolean selectRoute(@Nullable @MediaRoute2Info.Type Integer type);
+    List<MediaRoute2Info> getAvailableRoutes();
 
-    /** Returns the currently selected device (built-in or wired) route. */
-    @NonNull
-    MediaRoute2Info getSelectedRoute();
+    /**
+     * Transfers device output to the given route.
+     *
+     * <p>If the route is {@code null} then active route will be deactivated.
+     *
+     * @param routeId to switch to or {@code null} to unset the active device.
+     */
+    void transferTo(@Nullable String routeId);
 
     /**
      * Updates device route volume.
@@ -85,6 +114,18 @@ import com.android.media.flags.Flags;
     boolean updateVolume(int volume);
 
     /**
+     * Starts listening for changes in the system to keep an up to date view of available and
+     * selected devices.
+     */
+    void start(UserHandle mUser);
+
+    /**
+     * Stops keeping the internal state up to date with the system, releasing any resources acquired
+     * in {@link #start}
+     */
+    void stop();
+
+    /**
      * Interface for receiving events when device route has changed.
      */
     interface OnDeviceRouteChangedListener {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyBluetoothRouteController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyBluetoothRouteController.java
index ba3cecf7c091..041fceaf8d3d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyBluetoothRouteController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyBluetoothRouteController.java
@@ -132,12 +132,6 @@ class LegacyBluetoothRouteController implements BluetoothRouteController {
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mDeviceStateChangedReceiver);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public boolean selectRoute(String deviceAddress) {
-        // No-op as the class decides if a route is selected based on Bluetooth events.
-        return false;
-    }
-
     /**
      * Transfers to a given bluetooth route.
      * The dedicated BT device with the route would be activated.
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyDeviceRouteController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyDeviceRouteController.java
index 65874e23dcdc..c0f28346705c 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyDeviceRouteController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/LegacyDeviceRouteController.java
@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@ import android.media.IAudioRoutesObserver;
 import android.media.IAudioService;
 import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.util.Slog;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
-import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -73,7 +75,6 @@ import java.util.Objects;
     private int mDeviceVolume;
     private MediaRoute2Info mDeviceRoute;
 
-    @VisibleForTesting
     /* package */ LegacyDeviceRouteController(@NonNull Context context,
             @NonNull AudioManager audioManager,
             @NonNull IAudioService audioService,
@@ -100,9 +101,13 @@ import java.util.Objects;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public boolean selectRoute(@Nullable Integer type) {
-        // No-op as the controller does not support selection from the outside of the class.
-        return false;
+    public void start(UserHandle mUser) {
+        // Nothing to do.
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+        // Nothing to do.
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -112,6 +117,17 @@ import java.util.Objects;
     }
 
     @Override
+    public synchronized List<MediaRoute2Info> getAvailableRoutes() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void transferTo(@Nullable String routeId) {
+        // Unsupported. This implementation doesn't support transferable routes (always exposes a
+        // single non-bluetooth route).
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public synchronized boolean updateVolume(int volume) {
         if (mDeviceVolume == volume) {
             return false;
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/SystemMediaRoute2Provider.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/SystemMediaRoute2Provider.java
index c8dba800a017..86d78334d546 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/SystemMediaRoute2Provider.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/media/SystemMediaRoute2Provider.java
@@ -16,15 +16,12 @@
 
 package com.android.server.media;
 
-import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
 import android.content.ComponentName;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
 import android.content.IntentFilter;
-import android.media.AudioAttributes;
-import android.media.AudioDeviceAttributes;
 import android.media.AudioManager;
 import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
 import android.media.MediaRoute2ProviderInfo;
@@ -51,7 +48,8 @@ import java.util.Set;
  */
 // TODO: check thread safety. We may need to use lock to protect variables.
 class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
-    private static final String TAG = "MR2SystemProvider";
+    // Package-visible to use this tag for all system routing logic (done across multiple classes).
+    /* package */ static final String TAG = "MR2SystemProvider";
     private static final boolean DEBUG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
 
     private static final ComponentName COMPONENT_NAME = new ComponentName(
@@ -77,26 +75,6 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
     private final AudioManagerBroadcastReceiver mAudioReceiver =
             new AudioManagerBroadcastReceiver();
 
-    private final AudioManager.OnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener
-            mOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener =
-            new AudioManager.OnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener() {
-                @Override
-                public void onDevicesForAttributesChanged(@NonNull AudioAttributes attributes,
-                        @NonNull List<AudioDeviceAttributes> devices) {
-                    if (attributes.getUsage() != AudioAttributes.USAGE_MEDIA) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    mHandler.post(() -> {
-                        updateSelectedAudioDevice(devices);
-                        notifyProviderState();
-                        if (updateSessionInfosIfNeeded()) {
-                            notifySessionInfoUpdated();
-                        }
-                    });
-                }
-            };
-
     private final Object mRequestLock = new Object();
     @GuardedBy("mRequestLock")
     private volatile SessionCreationRequest mPendingSessionCreationRequest;
@@ -106,7 +84,8 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
         mIsSystemRouteProvider = true;
         mContext = context;
         mUser = user;
-        mHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
+        Looper looper = Looper.getMainLooper();
+        mHandler = new Handler(looper);
 
         mAudioManager = (AudioManager) context.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE);
 
@@ -123,25 +102,15 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
         mDeviceRouteController =
                 DeviceRouteController.createInstance(
                         context,
-                        () -> {
-                            mHandler.post(
-                                    () -> {
-                                        publishProviderState();
-                                        if (updateSessionInfosIfNeeded()) {
-                                            notifySessionInfoUpdated();
-                                        }
-                                    });
-                        });
-
-        mAudioManager.addOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener(
-                AudioAttributesUtils.ATTRIBUTES_MEDIA, mContext.getMainExecutor(),
-                mOnDevicesForAttributesChangedListener);
-
-        // These methods below should be called after all fields are initialized, as they
-        // access the fields inside.
-        List<AudioDeviceAttributes> devices =
-                mAudioManager.getDevicesForAttributes(AudioAttributesUtils.ATTRIBUTES_MEDIA);
-        updateSelectedAudioDevice(devices);
+                        looper,
+                        () ->
+                                mHandler.post(
+                                        () -> {
+                                            publishProviderState();
+                                            if (updateSessionInfosIfNeeded()) {
+                                                notifySessionInfoUpdated();
+                                            }
+                                        }));
         updateProviderState();
         updateSessionInfosIfNeeded();
     }
@@ -151,20 +120,21 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
         intentFilter.addAction(AudioManager.STREAM_DEVICES_CHANGED_ACTION);
         mContext.registerReceiverAsUser(mAudioReceiver, mUser,
                 intentFilter, null, null);
-
-        mHandler.post(() -> {
-            mBluetoothRouteController.start(mUser);
-            notifyProviderState();
-        });
-        updateVolume();
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> {
+                    mDeviceRouteController.start(mUser);
+                    mBluetoothRouteController.start(mUser);
+                });
     }
 
     public void stop() {
         mContext.unregisterReceiver(mAudioReceiver);
-        mHandler.post(() -> {
-            mBluetoothRouteController.stop();
-            notifyProviderState();
-        });
+        mHandler.post(
+                () -> {
+                    mBluetoothRouteController.stop();
+                    mDeviceRouteController.stop();
+                    notifyProviderState();
+                });
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -225,13 +195,26 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
     public void transferToRoute(long requestId, String sessionId, String routeId) {
         if (TextUtils.equals(routeId, MediaRoute2Info.ROUTE_ID_DEFAULT)) {
             // The currently selected route is the default route.
+            Log.w(TAG, "Ignoring transfer to " + MediaRoute2Info.ROUTE_ID_DEFAULT);
             return;
         }
-
         MediaRoute2Info selectedDeviceRoute = mDeviceRouteController.getSelectedRoute();
-        if (TextUtils.equals(routeId, selectedDeviceRoute.getId())) {
+        boolean isAvailableDeviceRoute =
+                mDeviceRouteController.getAvailableRoutes().stream()
+                        .anyMatch(it -> it.getId().equals(routeId));
+        boolean isSelectedDeviceRoute = TextUtils.equals(routeId, selectedDeviceRoute.getId());
+
+        if (isSelectedDeviceRoute || isAvailableDeviceRoute) {
+            // The requested route is managed by the device route controller. Note that the selected
+            // device route doesn't necessarily match mSelectedRouteId (which is the selected route
+            // of the routing session). If the selected device route is transferred to, we need to
+            // make the bluetooth routes inactive so that the device route becomes the selected
+            // route of the routing session.
+            mDeviceRouteController.transferTo(routeId);
             mBluetoothRouteController.transferTo(null);
         } else {
+            // The requested route is managed by the bluetooth route controller.
+            mDeviceRouteController.transferTo(null);
             mBluetoothRouteController.transferTo(routeId);
         }
     }
@@ -280,33 +263,22 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
 
             MediaRoute2Info selectedDeviceRoute = mDeviceRouteController.getSelectedRoute();
 
-            RoutingSessionInfo.Builder builder = new RoutingSessionInfo.Builder(
-                    SYSTEM_SESSION_ID, packageName).setSystemSession(true);
+            RoutingSessionInfo.Builder builder =
+                    new RoutingSessionInfo.Builder(SYSTEM_SESSION_ID, packageName)
+                            .setSystemSession(true);
             builder.addSelectedRoute(selectedDeviceRoute.getId());
             for (MediaRoute2Info route : mBluetoothRouteController.getAllBluetoothRoutes()) {
                 builder.addTransferableRoute(route.getId());
             }
-            return builder.setProviderId(mUniqueId).build();
-        }
-    }
 
-    private void updateSelectedAudioDevice(@NonNull List<AudioDeviceAttributes> devices) {
-        if (devices.isEmpty()) {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "The list of preferred devices was empty.");
-            return;
-        }
-
-        AudioDeviceAttributes audioDeviceAttributes = devices.get(0);
-
-        if (AudioAttributesUtils.isDeviceOutputAttributes(audioDeviceAttributes)) {
-            mDeviceRouteController.selectRoute(
-                    AudioAttributesUtils.mapToMediaRouteType(audioDeviceAttributes));
-            mBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(null);
-        } else if (AudioAttributesUtils.isBluetoothOutputAttributes(audioDeviceAttributes)) {
-            mDeviceRouteController.selectRoute(null);
-            mBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(audioDeviceAttributes.getAddress());
-        } else {
-            Slog.w(TAG, "Unknown audio attributes: " + audioDeviceAttributes);
+            if (Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
+                for (MediaRoute2Info route : mDeviceRouteController.getAvailableRoutes()) {
+                    if (!TextUtils.equals(selectedDeviceRoute.getId(), route.getId())) {
+                        builder.addTransferableRoute(route.getId());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return builder.setProviderId(mUniqueId).build();
         }
     }
 
@@ -314,7 +286,15 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
         MediaRoute2ProviderInfo.Builder builder = new MediaRoute2ProviderInfo.Builder();
 
         // We must have a device route in the provider info.
-        builder.addRoute(mDeviceRouteController.getSelectedRoute());
+        if (Flags.enableAudioPoliciesDeviceAndBluetoothController()) {
+            List<MediaRoute2Info> deviceRoutes = mDeviceRouteController.getAvailableRoutes();
+            for (MediaRoute2Info route : deviceRoutes) {
+                builder.addRoute(route);
+            }
+            setProviderState(builder.build());
+        } else {
+            builder.addRoute(mDeviceRouteController.getSelectedRoute());
+        }
 
         for (MediaRoute2Info route : mBluetoothRouteController.getAllBluetoothRoutes()) {
             builder.addRoute(route);
@@ -352,7 +332,12 @@ class SystemMediaRoute2Provider extends MediaRoute2Provider {
                             .setProviderId(mUniqueId)
                             .build();
             builder.addSelectedRoute(mSelectedRouteId);
-
+            for (MediaRoute2Info route : mDeviceRouteController.getAvailableRoutes()) {
+                String routeId = route.getId();
+                if (!mSelectedRouteId.equals(routeId)) {
+                    builder.addTransferableRoute(routeId);
+                }
+            }
             for (MediaRoute2Info route : mBluetoothRouteController.getTransferableRoutes()) {
                 builder.addTransferableRoute(route.getId());
             }
diff --git a/services/robotests/src/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteControllerTest.java b/services/robotests/src/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteControllerTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 0ad418427183..000000000000
--- a/services/robotests/src/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteControllerTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server.media;
-
-import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
-
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
-
-import android.app.Application;
-import android.bluetooth.BluetoothA2dp;
-import android.bluetooth.BluetoothAdapter;
-import android.bluetooth.BluetoothDevice;
-import android.bluetooth.BluetoothManager;
-import android.bluetooth.BluetoothProfile;
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.Intent;
-import android.media.AudioManager;
-import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
-import android.os.UserHandle;
-
-import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
-
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
-import org.robolectric.RobolectricTestRunner;
-import org.robolectric.Shadows;
-import org.robolectric.shadows.ShadowBluetoothAdapter;
-import org.robolectric.shadows.ShadowBluetoothDevice;
-
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Set;
-
-@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner.class)
-public class AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteControllerTest {
-
-    private static final String DEVICE_ADDRESS_UNKNOWN = ":unknown:ip:address:";
-    private static final String DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1 = "30:59:8B:E4:C6:35";
-    private static final String DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2 = "0D:0D:A6:FF:8D:B6";
-    private static final String DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_3 = "2D:9B:0C:C2:6F:78";
-    private static final String DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4 = "66:88:F9:2D:A8:1E";
-
-    private Context mContext;
-
-    private ShadowBluetoothAdapter mShadowBluetoothAdapter;
-
-    @Mock
-    private BluetoothRouteController.BluetoothRoutesUpdatedListener mListener;
-
-    @Mock
-    private BluetoothProfileMonitor mBluetoothProfileMonitor;
-
-    private AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController;
-
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-
-        Application application = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
-        mContext = application;
-
-        BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager)
-                mContext.getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
-
-        BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter = Shadows.shadowOf(bluetoothAdapter);
-
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController =
-                new AudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController(mContext, bluetoothAdapter,
-                        mBluetoothProfileMonitor, mListener) {
-                    @Override
-                    boolean isDeviceConnected(BluetoothDevice device) {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                };
-
-        // Enable A2DP profile.
-        when(mBluetoothProfileMonitor.isProfileSupported(eq(BluetoothProfile.A2DP), any()))
-                .thenReturn(true);
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setProfileConnectionState(BluetoothProfile.A2DP,
-                BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED);
-
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.start(UserHandle.of(0));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getSelectedRoute_noBluetoothRoutesAvailable_returnsNull() {
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getSelectedRoute()).isNull();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_noBluetoothRoutesAvailable_returnsFalse() {
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController
-                .selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_UNKNOWN)).isFalse();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_noDeviceWithGivenAddress_returnsFalse() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_3);
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController
-                .selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2)).isFalse();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_deviceIsInDevicesSet_returnsTrue() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2);
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController
-                .selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1)).isTrue();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_resetSelectedDevice_returnsTrue() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2);
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1);
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(null)).isTrue();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_noSelectedDevice_returnsTrue() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2);
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(null)).isTrue();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getSelectedRoute_updateRouteFailed_returnsNull() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2);
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController
-                .selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_3);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getSelectedRoute()).isNull();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getSelectedRoute_updateRouteSuccessful_returnsUpdateDevice() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getSelectedRoute()).isNull();
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController
-                .selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4)).isTrue();
-
-        MediaRoute2Info selectedRoute = mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(selectedRoute.getAddress()).isEqualTo(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getSelectedRoute_resetSelectedRoute_returnsNull() {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        // Device is not null now.
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-        // Rest the device.
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(null);
-
-        assertThat(mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getSelectedRoute())
-                .isNull();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getTransferableRoutes_noSelectedRoute_returnsAllBluetoothDevices() {
-        String[] addresses = new String[] { DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1,
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4 };
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(addresses);
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        // Force route controller to update bluetooth devices list.
-        sendBluetoothDevicesChangedBroadcast();
-
-        Set<String> transferableDevices = extractAddressesListFrom(
-                mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getTransferableRoutes());
-        assertThat(transferableDevices).containsExactlyElementsIn(addresses);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getTransferableRoutes_hasSelectedRoute_returnsRoutesWithoutSelectedDevice() {
-        String[] addresses = new String[] { DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1,
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4 };
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(addresses);
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        // Force route controller to update bluetooth devices list.
-        sendBluetoothDevicesChangedBroadcast();
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-
-        Set<String> transferableDevices = extractAddressesListFrom(
-                mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getTransferableRoutes());
-        assertThat(transferableDevices).containsExactly(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1,
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getAllBluetoothRoutes_hasSelectedRoute_returnsAllRoutes() {
-        String[] addresses = new String[] { DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1,
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4 };
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(addresses);
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        // Force route controller to update bluetooth devices list.
-        sendBluetoothDevicesChangedBroadcast();
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-
-        Set<String> bluetoothDevices = extractAddressesListFrom(
-                mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getAllBluetoothRoutes());
-        assertThat(bluetoothDevices).containsExactlyElementsIn(addresses);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void updateVolumeForDevice_setVolumeForA2DPTo25_selectedRouteVolumeIsUpdated() {
-        String[] addresses = new String[] { DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_1,
-                DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_2, DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4 };
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(addresses);
-        mShadowBluetoothAdapter.setBondedDevices(devices);
-
-        // Force route controller to update bluetooth devices list.
-        sendBluetoothDevicesChangedBroadcast();
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.selectRoute(DEVICE_ADDRESS_SAMPLE_4);
-
-        mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.updateVolumeForDevices(
-                AudioManager.DEVICE_OUT_BLUETOOTH_A2DP, 25);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info selectedRoute = mAudioPoliciesBluetoothRouteController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(selectedRoute.getVolume()).isEqualTo(25);
-    }
-
-    private void sendBluetoothDevicesChangedBroadcast() {
-        Intent intent = new Intent(BluetoothA2dp.ACTION_ACTIVE_DEVICE_CHANGED);
-        mContext.sendBroadcast(intent);
-    }
-
-    private static Set<String> extractAddressesListFrom(Collection<MediaRoute2Info> routes) {
-        Set<String> addresses = new HashSet<>();
-
-        for (MediaRoute2Info route: routes) {
-            addresses.add(route.getAddress());
-        }
-
-        return addresses;
-    }
-
-    private static Set<BluetoothDevice> generateFakeBluetoothDevicesSet(String... addresses) {
-        Set<BluetoothDevice> devices = new HashSet<>();
-
-        for (String address: addresses) {
-            devices.add(ShadowBluetoothDevice.newInstance(address));
-        }
-
-        return devices;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteControllerTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteControllerTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 5aef7a320930..000000000000
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteControllerTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server.media;
-
-import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
-import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertWithMessage;
-
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
-
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.content.res.Resources;
-import android.media.AudioManager;
-import android.media.AudioRoutesInfo;
-import android.media.IAudioRoutesObserver;
-import android.media.MediaRoute2Info;
-import android.os.RemoteException;
-
-import com.android.internal.R;
-import com.android.server.audio.AudioService;
-
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
-import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
-import org.mockito.Captor;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
-
-@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
-public class AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteControllerTest {
-
-    private static final String ROUTE_NAME_DEFAULT = "default";
-    private static final String ROUTE_NAME_DOCK = "dock";
-    private static final String ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES = "headphones";
-
-    private static final int VOLUME_SAMPLE_1 = 25;
-
-    @Mock
-    private Context mContext;
-    @Mock
-    private Resources mResources;
-    @Mock
-    private AudioManager mAudioManager;
-    @Mock
-    private AudioService mAudioService;
-    @Mock
-    private DeviceRouteController.OnDeviceRouteChangedListener mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener;
-
-    @Captor
-    private ArgumentCaptor<IAudioRoutesObserver.Stub> mAudioRoutesObserverCaptor;
-
-    private AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController mController;
-
-    private IAudioRoutesObserver.Stub mAudioRoutesObserver;
-
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-
-        when(mContext.getResources()).thenReturn(mResources);
-        when(mResources.getText(anyInt())).thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_DEFAULT);
-
-        // Setting built-in speaker as default speaker.
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_SPEAKER;
-        when(mAudioService.startWatchingRoutes(mAudioRoutesObserverCaptor.capture()))
-                .thenReturn(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        mController = new AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController(
-                mContext, mAudioManager, mAudioService, mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener);
-
-        mAudioRoutesObserver = mAudioRoutesObserverCaptor.getValue();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getDeviceRoute_noSelectedRoutes_returnsDefaultDevice() {
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-
-        assertThat(route2Info.getName()).isEqualTo(ROUTE_NAME_DEFAULT);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BUILTIN_SPEAKER);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getDeviceRoute_audioRouteHasChanged_returnsRouteFromAudioService() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES;
-        callAudioRoutesObserver(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getName()).isEqualTo(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getDeviceRoute_selectDevice_returnsSelectedRoute() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_DOCK);
-
-        mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getName()).isEqualTo(ROUTE_NAME_DOCK);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getDeviceRoute_hasSelectedAndAudioServiceRoutes_returnsSelectedRoute() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_DOCK);
-
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES;
-        callAudioRoutesObserver(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getName()).isEqualTo(ROUTE_NAME_DOCK);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getDeviceRoute_unselectRoute_returnsAudioServiceRoute() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_DOCK);
-
-        mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES;
-        callAudioRoutesObserver(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        mController.selectRoute(null);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getName()).isEqualTo(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void getDeviceRoute_selectRouteFails_returnsAudioServiceRoute() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES;
-        callAudioRoutesObserver(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getName()).isEqualTo(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_selectWiredRoute_returnsTrue() {
-        assertThat(mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_HDMI)).isTrue();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_selectBluetoothRoute_returnsFalse() {
-        assertThat(mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_BLUETOOTH_A2DP)).isFalse();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void selectRoute_unselectRoute_returnsTrue() {
-        assertThat(mController.selectRoute(null)).isTrue();
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void updateVolume_noSelectedRoute_deviceRouteVolumeChanged() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES;
-        callAudioRoutesObserver(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        mController.updateVolume(VOLUME_SAMPLE_1);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getVolume()).isEqualTo(VOLUME_SAMPLE_1);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void updateVolume_connectSelectedRouteLater_selectedRouteVolumeChanged() {
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_headphones))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_HEADPHONES);
-        when(mResources.getText(R.string.default_audio_route_name_dock_speakers))
-                .thenReturn(ROUTE_NAME_DOCK);
-
-        AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo = new AudioRoutesInfo();
-        audioRoutesInfo.mainType = AudioRoutesInfo.MAIN_HEADPHONES;
-        callAudioRoutesObserver(audioRoutesInfo);
-
-        mController.updateVolume(VOLUME_SAMPLE_1);
-
-        mController.selectRoute(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-
-        MediaRoute2Info route2Info = mController.getSelectedRoute();
-        assertThat(route2Info.getType()).isEqualTo(MediaRoute2Info.TYPE_DOCK);
-        assertThat(route2Info.getVolume()).isEqualTo(VOLUME_SAMPLE_1);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Simulates {@link IAudioRoutesObserver.Stub#dispatchAudioRoutesChanged(AudioRoutesInfo)}
-     * from {@link AudioService}. This happens when there is a wired route change,
-     * like a wired headset being connected.
-     *
-     * @param audioRoutesInfo updated state of connected wired device
-     */
-    private void callAudioRoutesObserver(AudioRoutesInfo audioRoutesInfo) {
-        try {
-            // this is a captured observer implementation
-            // from WiredRoutesController's AudioService#startWatchingRoutes call
-            mAudioRoutesObserver.dispatchAudioRoutesChanged(audioRoutesInfo);
-        } catch (RemoteException exception) {
-            // Should not happen since the object is mocked.
-            assertWithMessage("An unexpected RemoteException happened.").fail();
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteControllerTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteControllerTest.java
index 14b121d3945c..0961b7d97177 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteControllerTest.java
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/media/DeviceRouteControllerTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package com.android.server.media;
 import static com.android.media.flags.Flags.FLAG_ENABLE_AUDIO_POLICIES_DEVICE_AND_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER;
 
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Looper;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.RequiresFlagsDisabled;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.RequiresFlagsEnabled;
 import android.platform.test.flag.junit.CheckFlagsRule;
@@ -56,7 +57,8 @@ public class DeviceRouteControllerTest {
     @RequiresFlagsDisabled(FLAG_ENABLE_AUDIO_POLICIES_DEVICE_AND_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER)
     public void createInstance_audioPoliciesFlagIsDisabled_createsLegacyController() {
         DeviceRouteController deviceRouteController =
-                DeviceRouteController.createInstance(mContext, mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener);
+                DeviceRouteController.createInstance(
+                        mContext, Looper.getMainLooper(), mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener);
 
         Truth.assertThat(deviceRouteController).isInstanceOf(LegacyDeviceRouteController.class);
     }
@@ -65,7 +67,8 @@ public class DeviceRouteControllerTest {
     @RequiresFlagsEnabled(FLAG_ENABLE_AUDIO_POLICIES_DEVICE_AND_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER)
     public void createInstance_audioPoliciesFlagIsEnabled_createsAudioPoliciesController() {
         DeviceRouteController deviceRouteController =
-                DeviceRouteController.createInstance(mContext, mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener);
+                DeviceRouteController.createInstance(
+                        mContext, Looper.getMainLooper(), mOnDeviceRouteChangedListener);
 
         Truth.assertThat(deviceRouteController)
                 .isInstanceOf(AudioPoliciesDeviceRouteController.class);