AAPT2: Port AAPT pseudolocalization to AAPT2

Pseudolocalization happens at the compile phase. Pseudolocalized
values are weak, such that manually specified values will take precedence.

Change-Id: I5e064ce0d270c9f4f9022f75aecedab9d45bc980

12 files changed, 1177 insertions, 23 deletions

diff --git a/tools/aapt2/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/Android.mk
index 0f839801ff81..a4f4ba928855 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/Android.mk
+++ b/tools/aapt2/Android.mk
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ main := Main.cpp
 sources := \
 	compile/IdAssigner.cpp \
 	compile/Png.cpp \
+	compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.cpp \
+	compile/Pseudolocalizer.cpp \
 	compile/XmlIdCollector.cpp \
 	flatten/Archive.cpp \
 	flatten/TableFlattener.cpp \
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@ sources := \
 
 testSources := \
 	compile/IdAssigner_test.cpp \
+	compile/PseudolocaleGenerator_test.cpp \
+	compile/Pseudolocalizer_test.cpp \
 	compile/XmlIdCollector_test.cpp \
 	flatten/FileExportWriter_test.cpp \
 	flatten/TableFlattener_test.cpp \
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/ResourceParser.cpp b/tools/aapt2/ResourceParser.cpp
index 6a0787331e02..1e879a0e5f49 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/ResourceParser.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/ResourceParser.cpp
@@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ bool ResourceParser::parseString(xml::XmlPullParser* parser, ParsedResource* out
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (formatted && translateable) {
-        if (String* stringValue = valueCast<String>(outResource->value.get())) {
+    if (String* stringValue = valueCast<String>(outResource->value.get())) {
+        stringValue->setTranslateable(translateable);
+
+        if (formatted && translateable) {
             if (!util::verifyJavaStringFormat(*stringValue->value)) {
                 mDiag->error(DiagMessage(outResource->source)
                              << "multiple substitutions specified in non-positional format; "
@@ -573,6 +575,9 @@ bool ResourceParser::parseString(xml::XmlPullParser* parser, ParsedResource* out
                 return false;
             }
         }
+
+    } else if (StyledString* stringValue = valueCast<StyledString>(outResource->value.get())) {
+        stringValue->setTranslateable(translateable);
     }
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.cpp b/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.cpp
index be963ffde2b3..b93e6d889ad0 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.cpp
@@ -36,10 +36,6 @@ void BaseItem<Derived>::accept(RawValueVisitor* visitor) {
     visitor->visit(static_cast<Derived*>(this));
 }
 
-bool Value::isWeak() const {
-    return false;
-}
-
 RawString::RawString(const StringPool::Ref& ref) : value(ref) {
 }
 
@@ -101,10 +97,6 @@ void Reference::print(std::ostream* out) const {
     }
 }
 
-bool Id::isWeak() const {
-    return true;
-}
-
 bool Id::flatten(android::Res_value* out) const {
     out->dataType = android::Res_value::TYPE_INT_BOOLEAN;
     out->data = util::hostToDevice32(0);
@@ -119,7 +111,15 @@ void Id::print(std::ostream* out) const {
     *out << "(id)";
 }
 
-String::String(const StringPool::Ref& ref) : value(ref) {
+String::String(const StringPool::Ref& ref) : value(ref), mTranslateable(true) {
+}
+
+void String::setTranslateable(bool val) {
+    mTranslateable = val;
+}
+
+bool String::isTranslateable() const {
+    return mTranslateable;
 }
 
 bool String::flatten(android::Res_value* outValue) const {
@@ -144,7 +144,15 @@ void String::print(std::ostream* out) const {
     *out << "(string) \"" << *value << "\"";
 }
 
-StyledString::StyledString(const StringPool::StyleRef& ref) : value(ref) {
+StyledString::StyledString(const StringPool::StyleRef& ref) : value(ref), mTranslateable(true) {
+}
+
+void StyledString::setTranslateable(bool val) {
+    mTranslateable = val;
+}
+
+bool StyledString::isTranslateable() const {
+    return mTranslateable;
 }
 
 bool StyledString::flatten(android::Res_value* outValue) const {
@@ -238,13 +246,10 @@ void BinaryPrimitive::print(std::ostream* out) const {
 }
 
 Attribute::Attribute(bool w, uint32_t t) :
-        weak(w), typeMask(t),
+        typeMask(t),
         minInt(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min()),
         maxInt(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
-}
-
-bool Attribute::isWeak() const {
-    return weak;
+    mWeak = w;
 }
 
 Attribute* Attribute::clone(StringPool* /*newPool*/) const {
@@ -359,7 +364,7 @@ void Attribute::print(std::ostream* out) const {
             << "]";
     }
 
-    if (weak) {
+    if (isWeak()) {
         *out << " [weak]";
     }
 }
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.h b/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.h
index a03828206c91..8e317dbcd1b1 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.h
+++ b/tools/aapt2/ResourceValues.h
@@ -43,9 +43,15 @@ struct Value {
 
     /**
      * Whether this value is weak and can be overridden without
-     * warning or error. Default for base class is false.
+     * warning or error. Default is false.
      */
-    virtual bool isWeak() const;
+    bool isWeak() const {
+        return mWeak;
+    }
+
+    void setWeak(bool val) {
+        mWeak = val;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Returns the source where this value was defined.
@@ -95,6 +101,7 @@ struct Value {
 protected:
     Source mSource;
     std::u16string mComment;
+    bool mWeak = false;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -159,7 +166,7 @@ struct Reference : public BaseItem<Reference> {
  * An ID resource. Has no real value, just a place holder.
  */
 struct Id : public BaseItem<Id> {
-    bool isWeak() const override;
+    Id() { mWeak = true; }
     bool flatten(android::Res_value* out) const override;
     Id* clone(StringPool* newPool) const override;
     void print(std::ostream* out) const override;
@@ -185,9 +192,17 @@ struct String : public BaseItem<String> {
 
     String(const StringPool::Ref& ref);
 
+    // Whether the string is marked as translateable. This does not persist when flattened.
+    // It is only used during compilation phase.
+    void setTranslateable(bool val);
+    bool isTranslateable() const;
+
     bool flatten(android::Res_value* outValue) const override;
     String* clone(StringPool* newPool) const override;
     void print(std::ostream* out) const override;
+
+private:
+    bool mTranslateable;
 };
 
 struct StyledString : public BaseItem<StyledString> {
@@ -195,9 +210,17 @@ struct StyledString : public BaseItem<StyledString> {
 
     StyledString(const StringPool::StyleRef& ref);
 
+    // Whether the string is marked as translateable. This does not persist when flattened.
+    // It is only used during compilation phase.
+    void setTranslateable(bool val);
+    bool isTranslateable() const;
+
     bool flatten(android::Res_value* outValue) const override;
     StyledString* clone(StringPool* newPool) const override;
     void print(std::ostream* out) const override;
+
+private:
+    bool mTranslateable;
 };
 
 struct FileReference : public BaseItem<FileReference> {
@@ -232,7 +255,6 @@ struct Attribute : public BaseValue<Attribute> {
         uint32_t value;
     };
 
-	bool weak;
     uint32_t typeMask;
     int32_t minInt;
     int32_t maxInt;
@@ -240,7 +262,6 @@ struct Attribute : public BaseValue<Attribute> {
 
     Attribute(bool w, uint32_t t = 0u);
 
-    bool isWeak() const override;
     Attribute* clone(StringPool* newPool) const override;
     void printMask(std::ostream* out) const;
     void print(std::ostream* out) const override;
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/Compile.cpp b/tools/aapt2/compile/Compile.cpp
index 90e35d52788c..967e2363ffc0 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/compile/Compile.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/Compile.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "ResourceTable.h"
 #include "compile/IdAssigner.h"
 #include "compile/Png.h"
+#include "compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.h"
 #include "compile/XmlIdCollector.h"
 #include "flatten/Archive.h"
 #include "flatten/FileExportWriter.h"
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ struct CompileOptions {
     std::string outputPath;
     Maybe<std::string> resDir;
     Maybe<std::u16string> product;
+    bool pseudolocalize = false;
     bool verbose = false;
 };
 
@@ -203,6 +205,16 @@ static bool compileTable(IAaptContext* context, const CompileOptions& options,
         fin.close();
     }
 
+    if (options.pseudolocalize) {
+        // Generate pseudo-localized strings (en-XA and ar-XB).
+        // These are created as weak symbols, and are only generated from default configuration
+        // strings and plurals.
+        PseudolocaleGenerator pseudolocaleGenerator;
+        if (!pseudolocaleGenerator.consume(context, &table)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Ensure we have the compilation package at least.
     table.createPackage(context->getCompilationPackage());
 
@@ -423,6 +435,8 @@ int compile(const std::vector<StringPiece>& args) {
             .requiredFlag("-o", "Output path", &options.outputPath)
             .optionalFlag("--product", "Product type to compile", &product)
             .optionalFlag("--dir", "Directory to scan for resources", &options.resDir)
+            .optionalSwitch("--pseudo-localize", "Generate resources for pseudo-locales "
+                            "(en-XA and ar-XB)", &options.pseudolocalize)
             .optionalSwitch("-v", "Enables verbose logging", &options.verbose);
     if (!flags.parse("aapt2 compile", args, &std::cerr)) {
         return 1;
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.cpp b/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2963d135cbca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "ResourceTable.h"
+#include "ResourceValues.h"
+#include "ValueVisitor.h"
+#include "compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.h"
+#include "compile/Pseudolocalizer.h"
+#include "util/Comparators.h"
+
+namespace aapt {
+
+std::unique_ptr<StyledString> pseudolocalizeStyledString(StyledString* string,
+                                                         Pseudolocalizer::Method method,
+                                                         StringPool* pool) {
+    Pseudolocalizer localizer(method);
+
+    const StringPiece16 originalText = *string->value->str;
+
+    StyleString localized;
+
+    // Copy the spans. We will update their offsets when we localize.
+    localized.spans.reserve(string->value->spans.size());
+    for (const StringPool::Span& span : string->value->spans) {
+        localized.spans.push_back(Span{ *span.name, span.firstChar, span.lastChar });
+    }
+
+    // The ranges are all represented with a single value. This is the start of one range and
+    // end of another.
+    struct Range {
+        size_t start;
+
+        // Once the new string is localized, these are the pointers to the spans to adjust.
+        // Since this struct represents the start of one range and end of another, we have
+        // the two pointers respectively.
+        uint32_t* updateStart;
+        uint32_t* updateEnd;
+    };
+
+    auto cmp = [](const Range& r, size_t index) -> bool {
+        return r.start < index;
+    };
+
+    // Construct the ranges. The ranges are represented like so: [0, 2, 5, 7]
+    // The ranges are the spaces in between. In this example, with a total string length of 9,
+    // the vector represents: (0,1], (2,4], (5,6], (7,9]
+    //
+    std::vector<Range> ranges;
+    ranges.push_back(Range{ 0 });
+    ranges.push_back(Range{ originalText.size() - 1 });
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < string->value->spans.size(); i++) {
+        const StringPool::Span& span = string->value->spans[i];
+
+        // Insert or update the Range marker for the start of this span.
+        auto iter = std::lower_bound(ranges.begin(), ranges.end(), span.firstChar, cmp);
+        if (iter != ranges.end() && iter->start == span.firstChar) {
+            iter->updateStart = &localized.spans[i].firstChar;
+        } else {
+            ranges.insert(iter,
+                          Range{ span.firstChar, &localized.spans[i].firstChar, nullptr });
+        }
+
+        // Insert or update the Range marker for the end of this span.
+        iter = std::lower_bound(ranges.begin(), ranges.end(), span.lastChar, cmp);
+        if (iter != ranges.end() && iter->start == span.lastChar) {
+            iter->updateEnd = &localized.spans[i].lastChar;
+        } else {
+            ranges.insert(iter,
+                          Range{ span.lastChar, nullptr, &localized.spans[i].lastChar });
+        }
+    }
+
+    localized.str += localizer.start();
+
+    // Iterate over the ranges and localize each section.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ranges.size(); i++) {
+        const size_t start = ranges[i].start;
+        size_t len = originalText.size() - start;
+        if (i + 1 < ranges.size()) {
+            len = ranges[i + 1].start - start;
+        }
+
+        if (ranges[i].updateStart) {
+            *ranges[i].updateStart = localized.str.size();
+        }
+
+        if (ranges[i].updateEnd) {
+            *ranges[i].updateEnd = localized.str.size();
+        }
+
+        localized.str += localizer.text(originalText.substr(start, len));
+    }
+
+    localized.str += localizer.end();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<StyledString> localizedString = util::make_unique<StyledString>(
+            pool->makeRef(localized));
+    localizedString->setSource(string->getSource());
+    return localizedString;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+struct Visitor : public RawValueVisitor {
+    StringPool* mPool;
+    Pseudolocalizer::Method mMethod;
+    Pseudolocalizer mLocalizer;
+
+    // Either value or item will be populated upon visiting the value.
+    std::unique_ptr<Value> mValue;
+    std::unique_ptr<Item> mItem;
+
+    Visitor(StringPool* pool, Pseudolocalizer::Method method) :
+            mPool(pool), mMethod(method), mLocalizer(method) {
+    }
+
+    void visit(Array* array) override {
+        std::unique_ptr<Array> localized = util::make_unique<Array>();
+        localized->items.resize(array->items.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < array->items.size(); i++) {
+            Visitor subVisitor(mPool, mMethod);
+            array->items[i]->accept(&subVisitor);
+            if (subVisitor.mItem) {
+                localized->items[i] = std::move(subVisitor.mItem);
+            } else {
+                localized->items[i] = std::unique_ptr<Item>(array->items[i]->clone(mPool));
+            }
+        }
+        localized->setSource(array->getSource());
+        localized->setWeak(true);
+        mValue = std::move(localized);
+    }
+
+    void visit(Plural* plural) override {
+        std::unique_ptr<Plural> localized = util::make_unique<Plural>();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < plural->values.size(); i++) {
+            Visitor subVisitor(mPool, mMethod);
+            if (plural->values[i]) {
+                plural->values[i]->accept(&subVisitor);
+                if (subVisitor.mValue) {
+                    localized->values[i] = std::move(subVisitor.mItem);
+                } else {
+                    localized->values[i] = std::unique_ptr<Item>(plural->values[i]->clone(mPool));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        localized->setSource(plural->getSource());
+        localized->setWeak(true);
+        mValue = std::move(localized);
+    }
+
+    void visit(String* string) override {
+        if (!string->isTranslateable()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        std::u16string result = mLocalizer.start() + mLocalizer.text(*string->value) +
+                mLocalizer.end();
+        std::unique_ptr<String> localized = util::make_unique<String>(mPool->makeRef(result));
+        localized->setSource(string->getSource());
+        localized->setWeak(true);
+        mItem = std::move(localized);
+    }
+
+    void visit(StyledString* string) override {
+        if (!string->isTranslateable()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mItem = pseudolocalizeStyledString(string, mMethod, mPool);
+        mItem->setWeak(true);
+    }
+};
+
+ConfigDescription modifyConfigForPseudoLocale(const ConfigDescription& base,
+                                              Pseudolocalizer::Method m) {
+    ConfigDescription modified = base;
+    switch (m) {
+    case Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent:
+        modified.language[0] = 'e';
+        modified.language[1] = 'n';
+        modified.country[0] = 'X';
+        modified.country[1] = 'A';
+        break;
+
+    case Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi:
+        modified.language[0] = 'a';
+        modified.language[1] = 'r';
+        modified.country[0] = 'X';
+        modified.country[1] = 'B';
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return modified;
+}
+
+void pseudolocalizeIfNeeded(std::vector<ResourceConfigValue>* configValues,
+                            Pseudolocalizer::Method method, StringPool* pool, Value* value) {
+    Visitor visitor(pool, method);
+    value->accept(&visitor);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<Value> localizedValue;
+    if (visitor.mValue) {
+        localizedValue = std::move(visitor.mValue);
+    } else if (visitor.mItem) {
+        localizedValue = std::move(visitor.mItem);
+    }
+
+    if (localizedValue) {
+        ConfigDescription pseudolocalizedConfig = modifyConfigForPseudoLocale(ConfigDescription{},
+                                                                              method);
+        auto iter = std::lower_bound(configValues->begin(), configValues->end(),
+                                     pseudolocalizedConfig, cmp::lessThanConfig);
+        if (iter == configValues->end() || iter->config != pseudolocalizedConfig) {
+            // The pseudolocalized config doesn't exist, add it.
+            configValues->insert(iter, ResourceConfigValue{ pseudolocalizedConfig,
+                                                            std::move(localizedValue) });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+bool PseudolocaleGenerator::consume(IAaptContext* context, ResourceTable* table) {
+    for (auto& package : table->packages) {
+        for (auto& type : package->types) {
+            for (auto& entry : type->entries) {
+                auto iter = std::lower_bound(entry->values.begin(), entry->values.end(),
+                                             ConfigDescription{}, cmp::lessThanConfig);
+                if (iter != entry->values.end() && iter->config == ConfigDescription{}) {
+                    // Only pseudolocalize the default configuration.
+
+                    // The iterator will be invalidated, so grab a pointer to the value.
+                    Value* originalValue = iter->value.get();
+
+                    pseudolocalizeIfNeeded(&entry->values, Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent,
+                                           &table->stringPool, originalValue);
+                    pseudolocalizeIfNeeded(&entry->values, Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi,
+                                           &table->stringPool, originalValue);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace aapt
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.h b/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4fbc51607595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef AAPT_COMPILE_PSEUDOLOCALEGENERATOR_H
+#define AAPT_COMPILE_PSEUDOLOCALEGENERATOR_H
+
+#include "StringPool.h"
+#include "compile/Pseudolocalizer.h"
+#include "process/IResourceTableConsumer.h"
+
+namespace aapt {
+
+std::unique_ptr<StyledString> pseudolocalizeStyledString(StyledString* string,
+                                                         Pseudolocalizer::Method method,
+                                                         StringPool* pool);
+
+struct PseudolocaleGenerator : public IResourceTableConsumer {
+    bool consume(IAaptContext* context, ResourceTable* table) override;
+};
+
+} // namespace aapt
+
+#endif /* AAPT_COMPILE_PSEUDOLOCALEGENERATOR_H */
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator_test.cpp b/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4cb6ea2db565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/PseudolocaleGenerator_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "compile/PseudolocaleGenerator.h"
+#include "test/Builders.h"
+#include "test/Common.h"
+#include "test/Context.h"
+#include "util/Util.h"
+
+#include <androidfw/ResourceTypes.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace aapt {
+
+TEST(PseudolocaleGeneratorTest, PseudolocalizeStyledString) {
+    StringPool pool;
+    StyleString originalStyle;
+    originalStyle.str = u"Hello world!";
+    originalStyle.spans = { Span{ u"b", 2, 3 }, Span{ u"b", 6, 7 }, Span{ u"i", 1, 10 } };
+
+    std::unique_ptr<StyledString> newString = pseudolocalizeStyledString(
+            util::make_unique<StyledString>(pool.makeRef(originalStyle)).get(),
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kNone, &pool);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(originalStyle.str, *newString->value->str);
+    ASSERT_EQ(originalStyle.spans.size(), newString->value->spans.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, newString->value->spans[0].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3u, newString->value->spans[0].lastChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::u16string(u"b"), *newString->value->spans[0].name);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(6u, newString->value->spans[1].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(7u, newString->value->spans[1].lastChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::u16string(u"b"), *newString->value->spans[1].name);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, newString->value->spans[2].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(10u, newString->value->spans[2].lastChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::u16string(u"i"), *newString->value->spans[2].name);
+
+    originalStyle.spans.push_back(Span{ u"em", 0, 11u });
+
+    newString = pseudolocalizeStyledString(
+            util::make_unique<StyledString>(pool.makeRef(originalStyle)).get(),
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent, &pool);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::u16string(u"[Ĥéļļö ŵöŕļð¡ one two]"), *newString->value->str);
+    ASSERT_EQ(originalStyle.spans.size(), newString->value->spans.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(3u, newString->value->spans[0].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(4u, newString->value->spans[0].lastChar);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(7u, newString->value->spans[1].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(8u, newString->value->spans[1].lastChar);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, newString->value->spans[2].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(11u, newString->value->spans[2].lastChar);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, newString->value->spans[3].firstChar);
+    EXPECT_EQ(12u, newString->value->spans[3].lastChar);
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocaleGeneratorTest, PseudolocalizeOnlyDefaultConfigs) {
+    std::unique_ptr<ResourceTable> table = test::ResourceTableBuilder()
+            .addString(u"@android:string/one", u"one")
+            .addString(u"@android:string/two", ResourceId{}, test::parseConfigOrDie("en"), u"two")
+            .addString(u"@android:string/three", u"three")
+            .addString(u"@android:string/three", ResourceId{}, test::parseConfigOrDie("en-rXA"),
+                       u"three")
+            .addString(u"@android:string/four", u"four")
+            .build();
+
+    String* val = test::getValue<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/four");
+    val->setTranslateable(false);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<IAaptContext> context = test::ContextBuilder().build();
+    PseudolocaleGenerator generator;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(generator.consume(context.get(), table.get()));
+
+    // Normal pseudolocalization should take place.
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/one",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("en-rXA")));
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/one",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("ar-rXB")));
+
+    // No default config for android:string/two, so no pseudlocales should exist.
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/two",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("en-rXA")));
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/two",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("ar-rXB")));
+
+
+    // Check that we didn't override manual pseudolocalization.
+    val = test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/three",
+                                          test::parseConfigOrDie("en-rXA"));
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, val);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::u16string(u"three"), *val->value);
+
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/three",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("ar-rXB")));
+
+    // Check that four's translateable marker was honored.
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/four",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("en-rXA")));
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, test::getValueForConfig<String>(table.get(), u"@android:string/four",
+                                                       test::parseConfigOrDie("ar-rXB")));
+
+}
+
+} // namespace aapt
+
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer.cpp b/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eae52d778744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "compile/Pseudolocalizer.h"
+#include "util/Util.h"
+
+namespace aapt {
+
+// String basis to generate expansion
+static const std::u16string k_expansion_string = u"one two three "
+        "four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen "
+        "fourteen fiveteen sixteen seventeen nineteen twenty";
+
+// Special unicode characters to override directionality of the words
+static const std::u16string k_rlm = u"\u200f";
+static const std::u16string k_rlo = u"\u202e";
+static const std::u16string k_pdf = u"\u202c";
+
+// Placeholder marks
+static const std::u16string k_placeholder_open = u"\u00bb";
+static const std::u16string k_placeholder_close = u"\u00ab";
+
+static const char16_t k_arg_start = u'{';
+static const char16_t k_arg_end = u'}';
+
+class PseudoMethodNone : public PseudoMethodImpl {
+public:
+    std::u16string text(const StringPiece16& text) override { return text.toString(); }
+    std::u16string placeholder(const StringPiece16& text) override { return text.toString(); }
+};
+
+class PseudoMethodBidi : public PseudoMethodImpl {
+public:
+    std::u16string text(const StringPiece16& text) override;
+    std::u16string placeholder(const StringPiece16& text) override;
+};
+
+class PseudoMethodAccent : public PseudoMethodImpl {
+public:
+    PseudoMethodAccent() : mDepth(0), mWordCount(0), mLength(0) {}
+    std::u16string start() override;
+    std::u16string end() override;
+    std::u16string text(const StringPiece16& text) override;
+    std::u16string placeholder(const StringPiece16& text) override;
+private:
+    size_t mDepth;
+    size_t mWordCount;
+    size_t mLength;
+};
+
+Pseudolocalizer::Pseudolocalizer(Method method) : mLastDepth(0) {
+    setMethod(method);
+}
+
+void Pseudolocalizer::setMethod(Method method) {
+    switch (method) {
+    case Method::kNone:
+        mImpl = util::make_unique<PseudoMethodNone>();
+        break;
+    case Method::kAccent:
+        mImpl = util::make_unique<PseudoMethodAccent>();
+        break;
+    case Method::kBidi:
+        mImpl = util::make_unique<PseudoMethodBidi>();
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+std::u16string Pseudolocalizer::text(const StringPiece16& text) {
+    std::u16string out;
+    size_t depth = mLastDepth;
+    size_t lastpos, pos;
+    const size_t length = text.size();
+    const char16_t* str = text.data();
+    bool escaped = false;
+    for (lastpos = pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
+        char16_t c = str[pos];
+        if (escaped) {
+            escaped = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c == '\'') {
+            escaped = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (c == k_arg_start) {
+            depth++;
+        } else if (c == k_arg_end && depth) {
+            depth--;
+        }
+
+        if (mLastDepth != depth || pos == length - 1) {
+            bool pseudo = ((mLastDepth % 2) == 0);
+            size_t nextpos = pos;
+            if (!pseudo || depth == mLastDepth) {
+                nextpos++;
+            }
+            size_t size = nextpos - lastpos;
+            if (size) {
+                std::u16string chunk = text.substr(lastpos, size).toString();
+                if (pseudo) {
+                    chunk = mImpl->text(chunk);
+                } else if (str[lastpos] == k_arg_start && str[nextpos - 1] == k_arg_end) {
+                    chunk = mImpl->placeholder(chunk);
+                }
+                out.append(chunk);
+            }
+            if (pseudo && depth < mLastDepth) { // End of message
+                out.append(mImpl->end());
+            } else if (!pseudo && depth > mLastDepth) { // Start of message
+                out.append(mImpl->start());
+            }
+            lastpos = nextpos;
+            mLastDepth = depth;
+        }
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+static const char16_t* pseudolocalizeChar(const char16_t c) {
+    switch (c) {
+        case 'a':   return u"\u00e5";
+        case 'b':   return u"\u0253";
+        case 'c':   return u"\u00e7";
+        case 'd':   return u"\u00f0";
+        case 'e':   return u"\u00e9";
+        case 'f':   return u"\u0192";
+        case 'g':   return u"\u011d";
+        case 'h':   return u"\u0125";
+        case 'i':   return u"\u00ee";
+        case 'j':   return u"\u0135";
+        case 'k':   return u"\u0137";
+        case 'l':   return u"\u013c";
+        case 'm':   return u"\u1e3f";
+        case 'n':   return u"\u00f1";
+        case 'o':   return u"\u00f6";
+        case 'p':   return u"\u00fe";
+        case 'q':   return u"\u0051";
+        case 'r':   return u"\u0155";
+        case 's':   return u"\u0161";
+        case 't':   return u"\u0163";
+        case 'u':   return u"\u00fb";
+        case 'v':   return u"\u0056";
+        case 'w':   return u"\u0175";
+        case 'x':   return u"\u0445";
+        case 'y':   return u"\u00fd";
+        case 'z':   return u"\u017e";
+        case 'A':   return u"\u00c5";
+        case 'B':   return u"\u03b2";
+        case 'C':   return u"\u00c7";
+        case 'D':   return u"\u00d0";
+        case 'E':   return u"\u00c9";
+        case 'G':   return u"\u011c";
+        case 'H':   return u"\u0124";
+        case 'I':   return u"\u00ce";
+        case 'J':   return u"\u0134";
+        case 'K':   return u"\u0136";
+        case 'L':   return u"\u013b";
+        case 'M':   return u"\u1e3e";
+        case 'N':   return u"\u00d1";
+        case 'O':   return u"\u00d6";
+        case 'P':   return u"\u00de";
+        case 'Q':   return u"\u0071";
+        case 'R':   return u"\u0154";
+        case 'S':   return u"\u0160";
+        case 'T':   return u"\u0162";
+        case 'U':   return u"\u00db";
+        case 'V':   return u"\u03bd";
+        case 'W':   return u"\u0174";
+        case 'X':   return u"\u00d7";
+        case 'Y':   return u"\u00dd";
+        case 'Z':   return u"\u017d";
+        case '!':   return u"\u00a1";
+        case '?':   return u"\u00bf";
+        case '$':   return u"\u20ac";
+        default:    return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool isPossibleNormalPlaceholderEnd(const char16_t c) {
+    switch (c) {
+        case 's': return true;
+        case 'S': return true;
+        case 'c': return true;
+        case 'C': return true;
+        case 'd': return true;
+        case 'o': return true;
+        case 'x': return true;
+        case 'X': return true;
+        case 'f': return true;
+        case 'e': return true;
+        case 'E': return true;
+        case 'g': return true;
+        case 'G': return true;
+        case 'a': return true;
+        case 'A': return true;
+        case 'b': return true;
+        case 'B': return true;
+        case 'h': return true;
+        case 'H': return true;
+        case '%': return true;
+        case 'n': return true;
+        default:  return false;
+    }
+}
+
+static std::u16string pseudoGenerateExpansion(const unsigned int length) {
+    std::u16string result = k_expansion_string;
+    const char16_t* s = result.data();
+    if (result.size() < length) {
+        result += u" ";
+        result += pseudoGenerateExpansion(length - result.size());
+    } else {
+        int ext = 0;
+        // Should contain only whole words, so looking for a space
+        for (unsigned int i = length + 1; i < result.size(); ++i) {
+            ++ext;
+            if (s[i] == ' ') {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        result = result.substr(0, length + ext);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::u16string PseudoMethodAccent::start() {
+    std::u16string result;
+    if (mDepth == 0) {
+        result = u"[";
+    }
+    mWordCount = mLength = 0;
+    mDepth++;
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::u16string PseudoMethodAccent::end() {
+    std::u16string result;
+    if (mLength) {
+        result += u" ";
+        result += pseudoGenerateExpansion(mWordCount > 3 ? mLength : mLength / 2);
+    }
+    mWordCount = mLength = 0;
+    mDepth--;
+    if (mDepth == 0) {
+        result += u"]";
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts characters so they look like they've been localized.
+ *
+ * Note: This leaves placeholder syntax untouched.
+ */
+std::u16string PseudoMethodAccent::text(const StringPiece16& source)
+{
+    const char16_t* s = source.data();
+    std::u16string result;
+    const size_t I = source.size();
+    bool lastspace = true;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < I; i++) {
+        char16_t c = s[i];
+        if (c == '%') {
+            // Placeholder syntax, no need to pseudolocalize
+            std::u16string chunk;
+            bool end = false;
+            chunk.append(&c, 1);
+            while (!end && i < I) {
+                ++i;
+                c = s[i];
+                chunk.append(&c, 1);
+                if (isPossibleNormalPlaceholderEnd(c)) {
+                    end = true;
+                } else if (c == 't') {
+                    ++i;
+                    c = s[i];
+                    chunk.append(&c, 1);
+                    end = true;
+                }
+            }
+            // Treat chunk as a placeholder unless it ends with %.
+            result += ((c == '%') ? chunk : placeholder(chunk));
+        } else if (c == '<' || c == '&') {
+            // html syntax, no need to pseudolocalize
+            bool tag_closed = false;
+            while (!tag_closed && i < I) {
+                if (c == '&') {
+                    std::u16string escapeText;
+                    escapeText.append(&c, 1);
+                    bool end = false;
+                    size_t htmlCodePos = i;
+                    while (!end && htmlCodePos < I) {
+                        ++htmlCodePos;
+                        c = s[htmlCodePos];
+                        escapeText.append(&c, 1);
+                        // Valid html code
+                        if (c == ';') {
+                            end = true;
+                            i = htmlCodePos;
+                        }
+                        // Wrong html code
+                        else if (!((c == '#' ||
+                                 (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ||
+                                 (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
+                                 (c >= '0' && c <= '9')))) {
+                            end = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    result += escapeText;
+                    if (escapeText != u"&lt;") {
+                        tag_closed = true;
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (c == '>') {
+                    tag_closed = true;
+                    result.append(&c, 1);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                result.append(&c, 1);
+                i++;
+                c = s[i];
+            }
+        } else {
+            // This is a pure text that should be pseudolocalized
+            const char16_t* p = pseudolocalizeChar(c);
+            if (p != nullptr) {
+                result += p;
+            } else {
+                bool space = util::isspace16(c);
+                if (lastspace && !space) {
+                    mWordCount++;
+                }
+                lastspace = space;
+                result.append(&c, 1);
+            }
+            // Count only pseudolocalizable chars and delimiters
+            mLength++;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::u16string PseudoMethodAccent::placeholder(const StringPiece16& source) {
+    // Surround a placeholder with brackets
+    return k_placeholder_open + source.toString() + k_placeholder_close;
+}
+
+std::u16string PseudoMethodBidi::text(const StringPiece16& source) {
+    const char16_t* s = source.data();
+    std::u16string result;
+    bool lastspace = true;
+    bool space = true;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < source.size(); i++) {
+        char16_t c = s[i];
+        space = util::isspace16(c);
+        if (lastspace && !space) {
+            // Word start
+            result += k_rlm + k_rlo;
+        } else if (!lastspace && space) {
+            // Word end
+            result += k_pdf + k_rlm;
+        }
+        lastspace = space;
+        result.append(&c, 1);
+    }
+    if (!lastspace) {
+        // End of last word
+        result += k_pdf + k_rlm;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::u16string PseudoMethodBidi::placeholder(const StringPiece16& source) {
+    // Surround a placeholder with directionality change sequence
+    return k_rlm + k_rlo + source.toString() + k_pdf + k_rlm;
+}
+
+} // namespace aapt
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer.h b/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8818c1725617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef AAPT_COMPILE_PSEUDOLOCALIZE_H
+#define AAPT_COMPILE_PSEUDOLOCALIZE_H
+
+#include "ResourceValues.h"
+#include "StringPool.h"
+#include "util/StringPiece.h"
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace aapt {
+
+class PseudoMethodImpl {
+public:
+    virtual ~PseudoMethodImpl() {}
+    virtual std::u16string start() { return {}; }
+    virtual std::u16string end() { return {}; }
+    virtual std::u16string text(const StringPiece16& text) = 0;
+    virtual std::u16string placeholder(const StringPiece16& text) = 0;
+};
+
+class Pseudolocalizer {
+public:
+    enum class Method {
+        kNone,
+        kAccent,
+        kBidi,
+    };
+
+    Pseudolocalizer(Method method);
+    void setMethod(Method method);
+    std::u16string start() { return mImpl->start(); }
+    std::u16string end() { return mImpl->end(); }
+    std::u16string text(const StringPiece16& text);
+private:
+    std::unique_ptr<PseudoMethodImpl> mImpl;
+    size_t mLastDepth;
+};
+
+} // namespace aapt
+
+#endif /* AAPT_COMPILE_PSEUDOLOCALIZE_H */
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer_test.cpp b/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b0bc2c10fbe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/aapt2/compile/Pseudolocalizer_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "compile/Pseudolocalizer.h"
+#include "util/Util.h"
+
+#include <androidfw/ResourceTypes.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace aapt {
+
+// In this context, 'Axis' represents a particular field in the configuration,
+// such as language or density.
+
+static ::testing::AssertionResult simpleHelper(const char* input, const char* expected,
+                                               Pseudolocalizer::Method method) {
+    Pseudolocalizer pseudo(method);
+    std::string result = util::utf16ToUtf8(
+            pseudo.start() + pseudo.text(util::utf8ToUtf16(input)) + pseudo.end());
+    if (StringPiece(expected) != result) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << expected << " != " << result;
+    }
+    return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
+}
+
+static ::testing::AssertionResult compoundHelper(const char* in1, const char* in2, const char *in3,
+                                                 const char* expected,
+                                                 Pseudolocalizer::Method method) {
+    Pseudolocalizer pseudo(method);
+    std::string result = util::utf16ToUtf8(pseudo.start() +
+                                           pseudo.text(util::utf8ToUtf16(in1)) +
+                                           pseudo.text(util::utf8ToUtf16(in2)) +
+                                           pseudo.text(util::utf8ToUtf16(in3)) +
+                                           pseudo.end());
+    if (StringPiece(expected) != result) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << expected << " != " << result;
+    }
+    return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, NoPseudolocalization) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("", "", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kNone));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("Hello, world", "Hello, world", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kNone));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("Hello,", " world", "",
+                               "Hello, world", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kNone));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, PlaintextAccent) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("", "[]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("Hello, world",
+                             "[Ĥéļļö, ŵöŕļð one two]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("Hello, %1d",
+                             "[Ĥéļļö, »%1d« one two]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("Battery %1d%%",
+                             "[βåţţéŕý »%1d«%% one two]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("", "", "", "[]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("Hello,", " world", "",
+                               "[Ĥéļļö, ŵöŕļð one two]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, PlaintextBidi) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("", "", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("word",
+                             "\xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeword\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("  word  ",
+                             "  \xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeword\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f  ",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("  word  ",
+                             "  \xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeword\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f  ",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("hello\n  world\n",
+                             "\xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaehello\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f\n" \
+                                     "  \xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeworld\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f\n",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("hello", "\n ", " world\n",
+                               "\xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaehello\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f\n" \
+                                       "  \xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeworld\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f\n",
+                               Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, SimpleICU) {
+    // Single-fragment messages
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("{placeholder}", "[»{placeholder}«]",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("{USER} is offline",
+                             "[»{USER}« îš öƒƒļîñé one two]", Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("Copy from {path1} to {path2}",
+                             "[Çöþý ƒŕöḿ »{path1}« ţö »{path2}« one two three]",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("Today is {1,date} {1,time}",
+                             "[Ţöðåý îš »{1,date}« »{1,time}« one two]",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    // Multi-fragment messages
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("{USER}", " ", "is offline",
+                               "[»{USER}« îš öƒƒļîñé one two]",
+                               Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("Copy from ", "{path1}", " to {path2}",
+                               "[Çöþý ƒŕöḿ »{path1}« ţö »{path2}« one two three]",
+                               Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, ICUBidi) {
+    // Single-fragment messages
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("{placeholder}",
+                             "\xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xae{placeholder}\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper(
+            "{COUNT, plural, one {one} other {other}}",
+            "{COUNT, plural, " \
+                    "one {\xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeone\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f} " \
+                    "other {\xe2\x80\x8f\xE2\x80\xaeother\xE2\x80\xac\xe2\x80\x8f}}",
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kBidi));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, Escaping) {
+    // Single-fragment messages
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper("'{USER'} is offline",
+                             "['{ÛŠÉŔ'} îš öƒƒļîñé one two three]",
+                             Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    // Multi-fragment messages
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper("'{USER}", " ", "''is offline",
+                               "['{ÛŠÉŔ} ''îš öƒƒļîñé one two three]",
+                               Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, PluralsAndSelects) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper(
+            "{COUNT, plural, one {Delete a file} other {Delete {COUNT} files}}",
+            "[{COUNT, plural, one {Ðéļéţé å ƒîļé one two} " \
+                     "other {Ðéļéţé »{COUNT}« ƒîļéš one two}}]",
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper(
+            "Distance is {COUNT, plural, one {# mile} other {# miles}}",
+            "[Ðîšţåñçé îš {COUNT, plural, one {# ḿîļé one two} " \
+                                 "other {# ḿîļéš one two}}]",
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper(
+            "{1, select, female {{1} added you} " \
+                    "male {{1} added you} other {{1} added you}}",
+            "[{1, select, female {»{1}« åððéð ýöû one two} " \
+                    "male {»{1}« åððéð ýöû one two} other {»{1}« åððéð ýöû one two}}]",
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(compoundHelper(
+            "{COUNT, plural, one {Delete a file} " \
+                    "other {Delete ", "{COUNT}", " files}}",
+            "[{COUNT, plural, one {Ðéļéţé å ƒîļé one two} " \
+                    "other {Ðéļéţé »{COUNT}« ƒîļéš one two}}]",
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, NestedICU) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(simpleHelper(
+            "{person, select, " \
+                "female {" \
+                    "{num_circles, plural," \
+                        "=0{{person} didn't add you to any of her circles.}" \
+                        "=1{{person} added you to one of her circles.}" \
+                        "other{{person} added you to her # circles.}}}" \
+                "male {" \
+                    "{num_circles, plural," \
+                        "=0{{person} didn't add you to any of his circles.}" \
+                        "=1{{person} added you to one of his circles.}" \
+                        "other{{person} added you to his # circles.}}}" \
+                "other {" \
+                    "{num_circles, plural," \
+                        "=0{{person} didn't add you to any of their circles.}" \
+                        "=1{{person} added you to one of their circles.}" \
+                        "other{{person} added you to their # circles.}}}}",
+            "[{person, select, " \
+                "female {" \
+                    "{num_circles, plural," \
+                        "=0{»{person}« ðîðñ'ţ åðð ýöû ţö åñý öƒ ĥéŕ çîŕçļéš." \
+                            " one two three four five}" \
+                        "=1{»{person}« åððéð ýöû ţö öñé öƒ ĥéŕ çîŕçļéš." \
+                            " one two three four}" \
+                        "other{»{person}« åððéð ýöû ţö ĥéŕ # çîŕçļéš." \
+                            " one two three four}}}" \
+                "male {" \
+                    "{num_circles, plural," \
+                        "=0{»{person}« ðîðñ'ţ åðð ýöû ţö åñý öƒ ĥîš çîŕçļéš." \
+                            " one two three four five}" \
+                        "=1{»{person}« åððéð ýöû ţö öñé öƒ ĥîš çîŕçļéš." \
+                            " one two three four}" \
+                        "other{»{person}« åððéð ýöû ţö ĥîš # çîŕçļéš." \
+                            " one two three four}}}" \
+                "other {{num_circles, plural," \
+                    "=0{»{person}« ðîðñ'ţ åðð ýöû ţö åñý öƒ ţĥéîŕ çîŕçļéš." \
+                        " one two three four five}" \
+                    "=1{»{person}« åððéð ýöû ţö öñé öƒ ţĥéîŕ çîŕçļéš." \
+                        " one two three four}" \
+                    "other{»{person}« åððéð ýöû ţö ţĥéîŕ # çîŕçļéš." \
+                        " one two three four}}}}]",
+            Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent));
+}
+
+TEST(PseudolocalizerTest, RedefineMethod) {
+    Pseudolocalizer pseudo(Pseudolocalizer::Method::kAccent);
+    std::u16string result = pseudo.text(u"Hello, ");
+    pseudo.setMethod(Pseudolocalizer::Method::kNone);
+    result += pseudo.text(u"world!");
+    ASSERT_EQ(StringPiece("Ĥéļļö, world!"), util::utf16ToUtf8(result));
+}
+
+} // namespace aapt
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/test/Builders.h b/tools/aapt2/test/Builders.h
index f8e3d031fb67..93a11b9334a8 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/test/Builders.h
+++ b/tools/aapt2/test/Builders.h
@@ -68,6 +68,12 @@ public:
         return addValue(name, id, util::make_unique<String>(mTable->stringPool.makeRef(str)));
     }
 
+    ResourceTableBuilder& addString(const StringPiece16& name, const ResourceId id,
+                                    const ConfigDescription& config, const StringPiece16& str) {
+        return addValue(name, id, config,
+                        util::make_unique<String>(mTable->stringPool.makeRef(str)));
+    }
+
     ResourceTableBuilder& addFileReference(const StringPiece16& name, const StringPiece16& path) {
         return addFileReference(name, {}, path);
     }