Merge "Revert "Add LockSupport.park to 004-ThreadStress""
diff --git a/build/Android.gtest.mk b/build/Android.gtest.mk
index e2a0a39..e610bb1 100644
--- a/build/Android.gtest.mk
+++ b/build/Android.gtest.mk
@@ -163,6 +163,16 @@
 $(ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_VerifierDepsMulti_DEX): $(ART_TEST_GTEST_VerifierDepsMulti_SRC) $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/smali
 	 $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/smali assemble --output $@ $(filter %.smali,$^)
 
+ART_TEST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_SRC := $(abspath $(wildcard $(LOCAL_PATH)/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/*.smali))
+ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_DEX := $(dir $(ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_Main_DEX))$(subst Main,VerifySoftFailDuringClinit,$(basename $(notdir $(ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_Main_DEX))))$(suffix $(ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_Main_DEX))
+ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_DEX := $(dir $(ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_Main_DEX))$(subst Main,VerifySoftFailDuringClinit,$(basename $(notdir $(ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_Main_DEX))))$(suffix $(ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_Main_DEX))
+
+$(ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_DEX): $(ART_TEST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_SRC) $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/smali
+	 $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/smali assemble --output $@ $(filter %.smali,$^)
+
+$(ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_DEX): $(ART_TEST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_SRC) $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/smali
+	 $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/smali assemble --output $@ $(filter %.smali,$^)
+
 # Dex file dependencies for each gtest.
 ART_GTEST_art_dex_file_loader_test_DEX_DEPS := GetMethodSignature Main Nested MultiDex
 ART_GTEST_dex2oat_environment_tests_DEX_DEPS := Main MainStripped MultiDex MultiDexModifiedSecondary MyClassNatives Nested VerifierDeps VerifierDepsMulti
@@ -180,7 +190,7 @@
 ART_GTEST_exception_test_DEX_DEPS := ExceptionHandle
 ART_GTEST_hiddenapi_test_DEX_DEPS := HiddenApi
 ART_GTEST_hidden_api_test_DEX_DEPS := HiddenApiSignatures
-ART_GTEST_image_test_DEX_DEPS := ImageLayoutA ImageLayoutB DefaultMethods
+ART_GTEST_image_test_DEX_DEPS := ImageLayoutA ImageLayoutB DefaultMethods VerifySoftFailDuringClinit
 ART_GTEST_imtable_test_DEX_DEPS := IMTA IMTB
 ART_GTEST_instrumentation_test_DEX_DEPS := Instrumentation
 ART_GTEST_jni_compiler_test_DEX_DEPS := MyClassNatives
@@ -752,5 +762,8 @@
 ART_TEST_GTEST_VerifierDeps_SRC :=
 ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_VerifierDeps_DEX :=
 ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_VerifierDeps_DEX :=
+ART_TEST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_SRC :=
+ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_DEX :=
+ART_TEST_TARGET_GTEST_VerifySoftFailDuringClinit_DEX :=
 GTEST_DEX_DIRECTORIES :=
 LOCAL_PATH :=
diff --git a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
index ad9a30f..fe99eaa 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
@@ -376,9 +376,7 @@
   DCHECK_EQ(inst->Opcode(), Instruction::RETURN_VOID);
   if (unit_.IsConstructor()) {
     // Are we compiling a non clinit constructor which needs a barrier ?
-    if (!unit_.IsStatic() &&
-        driver_.RequiresConstructorBarrier(Thread::Current(), unit_.GetDexFile(),
-                                           unit_.GetClassDefIndex())) {
+    if (!unit_.IsStatic() && unit_.RequiresConstructorBarrier()) {
       return;
     }
   }
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index df6e8a8..8c276bb 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -254,7 +254,6 @@
       verification_results_(verification_results),
       compiler_(Compiler::Create(this, compiler_kind)),
       compiler_kind_(compiler_kind),
-      requires_constructor_barrier_lock_("constructor barrier lock"),
       image_classes_(std::move(image_classes)),
       number_of_soft_verifier_failures_(0),
       had_hard_verifier_failure_(false),
@@ -1580,18 +1579,6 @@
   self->ClearException();
 }
 
-bool CompilerDriver::RequiresConstructorBarrier(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                                uint16_t class_def_idx) const {
-  ClassAccessor accessor(dex_file, class_def_idx);
-  // We require a constructor barrier if there are final instance fields.
-  for (const ClassAccessor::Field& field : accessor.GetInstanceFields()) {
-    if (field.IsFinal()) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
 class ResolveClassFieldsAndMethodsVisitor : public CompilationVisitor {
  public:
   explicit ResolveClassFieldsAndMethodsVisitor(const ParallelCompilationManager* manager)
@@ -1635,57 +1622,42 @@
       // We want to resolve the methods and fields eagerly.
       resolve_fields_and_methods = true;
     }
-    // If an instance field is final then we need to have a barrier on the return, static final
-    // fields are assigned within the lock held for class initialization.
-    bool requires_constructor_barrier = false;
 
-    ClassAccessor accessor(dex_file, class_def_index);
-    // Optionally resolve fields and methods and figure out if we need a constructor barrier.
-    auto method_visitor = [&](const ClassAccessor::Method& method)
-        REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-      if (resolve_fields_and_methods) {
+    if (resolve_fields_and_methods) {
+      ClassAccessor accessor(dex_file, class_def_index);
+      // Optionally resolve fields and methods and figure out if we need a constructor barrier.
+      auto method_visitor = [&](const ClassAccessor::Method& method)
+          REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
         ArtMethod* resolved = class_linker->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::ResolveMode::kNoChecks>(
             method.GetIndex(),
             dex_cache,
             class_loader,
-            /* referrer */ nullptr,
+            /*referrer=*/ nullptr,
             method.GetInvokeType(class_def.access_flags_));
         if (resolved == nullptr) {
           CheckAndClearResolveException(soa.Self());
         }
-      }
-    };
-    accessor.VisitFieldsAndMethods(
-        // static fields
-        [&](ClassAccessor::Field& field) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-          if (resolve_fields_and_methods) {
+      };
+      accessor.VisitFieldsAndMethods(
+          // static fields
+          [&](ClassAccessor::Field& field) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
             ArtField* resolved = class_linker->ResolveField(
-                field.GetIndex(), dex_cache, class_loader, /* is_static */ true);
+                field.GetIndex(), dex_cache, class_loader, /*is_static=*/ true);
             if (resolved == nullptr) {
               CheckAndClearResolveException(soa.Self());
             }
-          }
-        },
-        // instance fields
-        [&](ClassAccessor::Field& field) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-          if (field.IsFinal()) {
-            // We require a constructor barrier if there are final instance fields.
-            requires_constructor_barrier = true;
-          }
-          if (resolve_fields_and_methods) {
+          },
+          // instance fields
+          [&](ClassAccessor::Field& field) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
             ArtField* resolved = class_linker->ResolveField(
-                field.GetIndex(), dex_cache, class_loader, /* is_static */ false);
+                field.GetIndex(), dex_cache, class_loader, /*is_static=*/ false);
             if (resolved == nullptr) {
               CheckAndClearResolveException(soa.Self());
             }
-          }
-        },
-        /*direct methods*/ method_visitor,
-        /*virtual methods*/ method_visitor);
-    manager_->GetCompiler()->SetRequiresConstructorBarrier(self,
-                                                           &dex_file,
-                                                           class_def_index,
-                                                           requires_constructor_barrier);
+          },
+          /*direct_method_visitor=*/ method_visitor,
+          /*virtual_method_visitor=*/ method_visitor);
+    }
   }
 
  private:
@@ -2832,31 +2804,6 @@
   return is_system_class;
 }
 
-void CompilerDriver::SetRequiresConstructorBarrier(Thread* self,
-                                                   const DexFile* dex_file,
-                                                   uint16_t class_def_index,
-                                                   bool requires) {
-  WriterMutexLock mu(self, requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
-  requires_constructor_barrier_.emplace(ClassReference(dex_file, class_def_index), requires);
-}
-
-bool CompilerDriver::RequiresConstructorBarrier(Thread* self,
-                                                const DexFile* dex_file,
-                                                uint16_t class_def_index) {
-  ClassReference class_ref(dex_file, class_def_index);
-  {
-    ReaderMutexLock mu(self, requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
-    auto it = requires_constructor_barrier_.find(class_ref);
-    if (it != requires_constructor_barrier_.end()) {
-      return it->second;
-    }
-  }
-  WriterMutexLock mu(self, requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
-  const bool requires = RequiresConstructorBarrier(*dex_file, class_def_index);
-  requires_constructor_barrier_.emplace(class_ref, requires);
-  return requires;
-}
-
 std::string CompilerDriver::GetMemoryUsageString(bool extended) const {
   std::ostringstream oss;
   const gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
index 9a83e55..f42e555 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
@@ -151,50 +151,6 @@
   void AddCompiledMethod(const MethodReference& method_ref, CompiledMethod* const compiled_method);
   CompiledMethod* RemoveCompiledMethod(const MethodReference& method_ref);
 
-  void SetRequiresConstructorBarrier(Thread* self,
-                                     const DexFile* dex_file,
-                                     uint16_t class_def_index,
-                                     bool requires)
-      REQUIRES(!requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
-
-  // Do the <init> methods for this class require a constructor barrier (prior to the return)?
-  // The answer is "yes", if and only if this class has any instance final fields.
-  // (This must not be called for any non-<init> methods; the answer would be "no").
-  //
-  // ---
-  //
-  // JLS 17.5.1 "Semantics of final fields" mandates that all final fields are frozen at the end
-  // of the invoked constructor. The constructor barrier is a conservative implementation means of
-  // enforcing the freezes happen-before the object being constructed is observable by another
-  // thread.
-  //
-  // Note: This question only makes sense for instance constructors;
-  // static constructors (despite possibly having finals) never need
-  // a barrier.
-  //
-  // JLS 12.4.2 "Detailed Initialization Procedure" approximately describes
-  // class initialization as:
-  //
-  //   lock(class.lock)
-  //     class.state = initializing
-  //   unlock(class.lock)
-  //
-  //   invoke <clinit>
-  //
-  //   lock(class.lock)
-  //     class.state = initialized
-  //   unlock(class.lock)              <-- acts as a release
-  //
-  // The last operation in the above example acts as an atomic release
-  // for any stores in <clinit>, which ends up being stricter
-  // than what a constructor barrier needs.
-  //
-  // See also QuasiAtomic::ThreadFenceForConstructor().
-  bool RequiresConstructorBarrier(Thread* self,
-                                  const DexFile* dex_file,
-                                  uint16_t class_def_index)
-      REQUIRES(!requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
-
   // Resolve compiling method's class. Returns null on failure.
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ResolveCompilingMethodsClass(const ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
                                                      Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
@@ -407,20 +363,12 @@
   void FreeThreadPools();
   void CheckThreadPools();
 
-  bool RequiresConstructorBarrier(const DexFile& dex_file, uint16_t class_def_idx) const;
-
   const CompilerOptions* const compiler_options_;
   VerificationResults* const verification_results_;
 
   std::unique_ptr<Compiler> compiler_;
   Compiler::Kind compiler_kind_;
 
-  // All class references that require constructor barriers. If the class reference is not in the
-  // set then the result has not yet been computed.
-  mutable ReaderWriterMutex requires_constructor_barrier_lock_ DEFAULT_MUTEX_ACQUIRED_AFTER;
-  std::map<ClassReference, bool> requires_constructor_barrier_
-      GUARDED_BY(requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
-
   // All class references that this compiler has compiled. Indexed by class defs.
   using ClassStateTable = AtomicDexRefMap<ClassReference, ClassStatus>;
   ClassStateTable compiled_classes_;
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_options_map.def b/compiler/driver/compiler_options_map.def
index 1ec34ec..a593240 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_options_map.def
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_options_map.def
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (double,                      TopKProfileThreshold)
 COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (bool,                        AbortOnHardVerifierFailure)
 COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (bool,                        AbortOnSoftVerifierFailure)
-COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (bool,                        ResolveStartupConstStrings, kIsDebugBuild)
+COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (bool,                        ResolveStartupConstStrings, false)
 COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (std::string,                 DumpInitFailures)
 COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (std::string,                 DumpCFG)
 COMPILER_OPTIONS_KEY (Unit,                        DumpCFGAppend)
diff --git a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc
index c90c37d..e5a6f0e 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc
@@ -16,10 +16,14 @@
 
 #include "dex_compilation_unit.h"
 
+#include "art_field.h"
 #include "base/utils.h"
+#include "dex/class_accessor-inl.h"
 #include "dex/code_item_accessors-inl.h"
 #include "dex/descriptors_names.h"
+#include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -31,7 +35,8 @@
                                        uint32_t method_idx,
                                        uint32_t access_flags,
                                        const VerifiedMethod* verified_method,
-                                       Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache)
+                                       Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
+                                       Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class)
     : class_loader_(class_loader),
       class_linker_(class_linker),
       dex_file_(&dex_file),
@@ -41,7 +46,8 @@
       access_flags_(access_flags),
       verified_method_(verified_method),
       dex_cache_(dex_cache),
-      code_item_accessor_(dex_file, code_item) {}
+      code_item_accessor_(dex_file, code_item),
+      compiling_class_(compiling_class) {}
 
 const std::string& DexCompilationUnit::GetSymbol() {
   if (symbol_.empty()) {
@@ -51,4 +57,32 @@
   return symbol_;
 }
 
+bool DexCompilationUnit::RequiresConstructorBarrier() const {
+  // Constructor barriers are applicable only for <init> methods.
+  DCHECK(!IsStatic());
+  DCHECK(IsConstructor());
+
+  // We require a constructor barrier if there are final instance fields.
+  if (GetCompilingClass().GetReference() != nullptr && !GetCompilingClass().IsNull()) {
+    // Decoding class data can be slow, so iterate over fields of the compiling class if resolved.
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> compiling_class = GetCompilingClass().Get();
+    for (size_t i = 0, size = compiling_class->NumInstanceFields(); i != size; ++i) {
+      ArtField* field = compiling_class->GetInstanceField(i);
+      if (field->IsFinal()) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Iterate over field definitions in the class data.
+    ClassAccessor accessor(*GetDexFile(), GetClassDefIndex());
+    for (const ClassAccessor::Field& field : accessor.GetInstanceFields()) {
+      if (field.IsFinal()) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h
index c1ae3c9..757f0e7 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
+class Class;
 class ClassLoader;
 class DexCache;
 }  // namespace mirror
@@ -43,7 +44,8 @@
                      uint32_t method_idx,
                      uint32_t access_flags,
                      const VerifiedMethod* verified_method,
-                     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache);
+                     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
+                     Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class = Handle<mirror::Class>());
 
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> GetClassLoader() const {
     return class_loader_;
@@ -117,6 +119,45 @@
     return code_item_accessor_;
   }
 
+  Handle<mirror::Class> GetCompilingClass() const {
+    return compiling_class_;
+  }
+
+  // Does this <init> method require a constructor barrier (prior to the return)?
+  // The answer is "yes", if and only if the class has any instance final fields.
+  // (This must not be called for any non-<init> methods; the answer would be "no").
+  //
+  // ---
+  //
+  // JLS 17.5.1 "Semantics of final fields" mandates that all final fields are frozen at the end
+  // of the invoked constructor. The constructor barrier is a conservative implementation means of
+  // enforcing the freezes happen-before the object being constructed is observable by another
+  // thread.
+  //
+  // Note: This question only makes sense for instance constructors;
+  // static constructors (despite possibly having finals) never need
+  // a barrier.
+  //
+  // JLS 12.4.2 "Detailed Initialization Procedure" approximately describes
+  // class initialization as:
+  //
+  //   lock(class.lock)
+  //     class.state = initializing
+  //   unlock(class.lock)
+  //
+  //   invoke <clinit>
+  //
+  //   lock(class.lock)
+  //     class.state = initialized
+  //   unlock(class.lock)              <-- acts as a release
+  //
+  // The last operation in the above example acts as an atomic release
+  // for any stores in <clinit>, which ends up being stricter
+  // than what a constructor barrier needs.
+  //
+  // See also QuasiAtomic::ThreadFenceForConstructor().
+  bool RequiresConstructorBarrier() const;
+
  private:
   const Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
 
@@ -134,6 +175,8 @@
 
   const CodeItemDataAccessor code_item_accessor_;
 
+  Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class_;
+
   std::string symbol_;
 };
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc b/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc
index a1a5692..64aa1b9 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "base/bit_vector-inl.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "block_builder.h"
+#include "code_generator.h"
 #include "data_type-inl.h"
 #include "dex/verified_method.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@
                              const CodeItemDebugInfoAccessor& accessor,
                              const DexCompilationUnit* dex_compilation_unit,
                              const DexCompilationUnit* outer_compilation_unit,
-                             CompilerDriver* driver,
                              CodeGenerator* code_generator,
                              OptimizingCompilerStats* compiler_stats,
                              ArrayRef<const uint8_t> interpreter_metadata,
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@
       code_item_accessor_(accessor),
       dex_compilation_unit_(dex_compilation_unit),
       outer_compilation_unit_(outer_compilation_unit),
-      compiler_driver_(driver),
       code_generator_(code_generator),
       compilation_stats_(compiler_stats),
       interpreter_metadata_(interpreter_metadata),
@@ -67,19 +66,18 @@
       code_item_accessor_(accessor),
       dex_compilation_unit_(dex_compilation_unit),
       outer_compilation_unit_(nullptr),
-      compiler_driver_(nullptr),
       code_generator_(nullptr),
       compilation_stats_(nullptr),
       handles_(handles),
       return_type_(return_type) {}
 
 bool HGraphBuilder::SkipCompilation(size_t number_of_branches) {
-  if (compiler_driver_ == nullptr) {
-    // Note that the compiler driver is null when unit testing.
+  if (code_generator_ == nullptr) {
+    // Note that the codegen is null when unit testing.
     return false;
   }
 
-  const CompilerOptions& compiler_options = compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions();
+  const CompilerOptions& compiler_options = code_generator_->GetCompilerOptions();
   CompilerFilter::Filter compiler_filter = compiler_options.GetCompilerFilter();
   if (compiler_filter == CompilerFilter::kEverything) {
     return false;
@@ -131,7 +129,6 @@
                                           return_type_,
                                           dex_compilation_unit_,
                                           outer_compilation_unit_,
-                                          compiler_driver_,
                                           code_generator_,
                                           interpreter_metadata_,
                                           compilation_stats_,
@@ -203,7 +200,6 @@
                                           return_type_,
                                           dex_compilation_unit_,
                                           outer_compilation_unit_,
-                                          compiler_driver_,
                                           code_generator_,
                                           interpreter_metadata_,
                                           compilation_stats_,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
index 5a1914c..6152740 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include "dex/code_item_accessors.h"
 #include "dex/dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex/dex_file.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
 #include "nodes.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@
                 const CodeItemDebugInfoAccessor& accessor,
                 const DexCompilationUnit* dex_compilation_unit,
                 const DexCompilationUnit* outer_compilation_unit,
-                CompilerDriver* driver,
                 CodeGenerator* code_generator,
                 OptimizingCompilerStats* compiler_stats,
                 ArrayRef<const uint8_t> interpreter_metadata,
@@ -70,7 +68,6 @@
   // The compilation unit of the enclosing method being compiled.
   const DexCompilationUnit* const outer_compilation_unit_;
 
-  CompilerDriver* const compiler_driver_;
   CodeGenerator* const code_generator_;
 
   OptimizingCompilerStats* const compilation_stats_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
index 3f56078..39966ff 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@
 
 class Assembler;
 class CodeGenerator;
-class CompilerDriver;
 class CompilerOptions;
 class StackMapStream;
 class ParallelMoveResolver;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
index dd781c2..f56f9cb 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
@@ -1757,6 +1757,7 @@
                            caller_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
                            handles_);
 
+  Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class = handles_->NewHandle(resolved_method->GetDeclaringClass());
   DexCompilationUnit dex_compilation_unit(
       class_loader,
       class_linker,
@@ -1766,7 +1767,8 @@
       method_index,
       resolved_method->GetAccessFlags(),
       /* verified_method */ nullptr,
-      dex_cache);
+      dex_cache,
+      compiling_class);
 
   InvokeType invoke_type = invoke_instruction->GetInvokeType();
   if (invoke_type == kInterface) {
@@ -1805,7 +1807,6 @@
                         code_item_accessor,
                         &dex_compilation_unit,
                         &outer_compilation_unit_,
-                        compiler_driver_,
                         codegen_,
                         inline_stats_,
                         resolved_method->GetQuickenedInfo(),
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
index 63b2705..e9b5b5a 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
 #include "base/arena_bit_vector.h"
 #include "base/bit_vector-inl.h"
 #include "block_builder.h"
-#include "class_linker.h"
+#include "class_linker-inl.h"
+#include "code_generator.h"
 #include "data_type-inl.h"
 #include "dex/bytecode_utils.h"
 #include "dex/dex_instruction-inl.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_driver-inl.h"
 #include "driver/dex_compilation_unit.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
 #include "imtable-inl.h"
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
                                          DataType::Type return_type,
                                          const DexCompilationUnit* dex_compilation_unit,
                                          const DexCompilationUnit* outer_compilation_unit,
-                                         CompilerDriver* compiler_driver,
                                          CodeGenerator* code_generator,
                                          ArrayRef<const uint8_t> interpreter_metadata,
                                          OptimizingCompilerStats* compiler_stats,
@@ -61,7 +60,6 @@
       return_type_(return_type),
       block_builder_(block_builder),
       ssa_builder_(ssa_builder),
-      compiler_driver_(compiler_driver),
       code_generator_(code_generator),
       dex_compilation_unit_(dex_compilation_unit),
       outer_compilation_unit_(outer_compilation_unit),
@@ -73,7 +71,8 @@
       current_locals_(nullptr),
       latest_result_(nullptr),
       current_this_parameter_(nullptr),
-      loop_headers_(local_allocator->Adapter(kArenaAllocGraphBuilder)) {
+      loop_headers_(local_allocator->Adapter(kArenaAllocGraphBuilder)),
+      class_cache_(std::less<dex::TypeIndex>(), local_allocator->Adapter(kArenaAllocGraphBuilder)) {
   loop_headers_.reserve(kDefaultNumberOfLoops);
 }
 
@@ -319,8 +318,8 @@
   // Find locations where we want to generate extra stackmaps for native debugging.
   // This allows us to generate the info only at interesting points (for example,
   // at start of java statement) rather than before every dex instruction.
-  const bool native_debuggable = compiler_driver_ != nullptr &&
-                                 compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().GetNativeDebuggable();
+  const bool native_debuggable = code_generator_ != nullptr &&
+                                 code_generator_->GetCompilerOptions().GetNativeDebuggable();
   ArenaBitVector* native_debug_info_locations = nullptr;
   if (native_debuggable) {
     native_debug_info_locations = FindNativeDebugInfoLocations();
@@ -709,20 +708,18 @@
 
 // Does the method being compiled need any constructor barriers being inserted?
 // (Always 'false' for methods that aren't <init>.)
-static bool RequiresConstructorBarrier(const DexCompilationUnit* cu, CompilerDriver* driver) {
+static bool RequiresConstructorBarrier(const DexCompilationUnit* cu) {
   // Can be null in unit tests only.
   if (UNLIKELY(cu == nullptr)) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
-  return cu->IsConstructor()
-      && !cu->IsStatic()
-      // RequiresConstructorBarrier must only be queried for <init> methods;
-      // it's effectively "false" for every other method.
-      //
-      // See CompilerDriver::RequiresConstructBarrier for more explanation.
-      && driver->RequiresConstructorBarrier(self, cu->GetDexFile(), cu->GetClassDefIndex());
+  // Constructor barriers are applicable only for <init> methods.
+  if (LIKELY(!cu->IsConstructor() || cu->IsStatic())) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return cu->RequiresConstructorBarrier();
 }
 
 // Returns true if `block` has only one successor which starts at the next
@@ -768,7 +765,7 @@
     // Only <init> (which is a return-void) could possibly have a constructor fence.
     // This may insert additional redundant constructor fences from the super constructors.
     // TODO: remove redundant constructor fences (b/36656456).
-    if (RequiresConstructorBarrier(dex_compilation_unit_, compiler_driver_)) {
+    if (RequiresConstructorBarrier(dex_compilation_unit_)) {
       // Compiling instance constructor.
       DCHECK_STREQ("<init>", graph_->GetMethodName());
 
@@ -782,7 +779,7 @@
     }
     AppendInstruction(new (allocator_) HReturnVoid(dex_pc));
   } else {
-    DCHECK(!RequiresConstructorBarrier(dex_compilation_unit_, compiler_driver_));
+    DCHECK(!RequiresConstructorBarrier(dex_compilation_unit_));
     HInstruction* value = LoadLocal(instruction.VRegA(), type);
     AppendInstruction(new (allocator_) HReturn(value, dex_pc));
   }
@@ -849,7 +846,7 @@
   // make this an invoke-unresolved to handle cross-dex invokes or abstract super methods, both of
   // which require runtime handling.
   if (invoke_type == kSuper) {
-    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> compiling_class = ResolveCompilingClass(soa);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> compiling_class = dex_compilation_unit_->GetCompilingClass().Get();
     if (compiling_class == nullptr) {
       // We could not determine the method's class we need to wait until runtime.
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
@@ -879,8 +876,8 @@
       // The back-end code generator relies on this check in order to ensure that it will not
       // attempt to read the dex_cache with a dex_method_index that is not from the correct
       // dex_file. If we didn't do this check then the dex_method_index will not be updated in the
-      // builder, which means that the code-generator (and compiler driver during sharpening and
-      // inliner, maybe) might invoke an incorrect method.
+      // builder, which means that the code-generator (and sharpening and inliner, maybe)
+      // might invoke an incorrect method.
       // TODO: The actual method could still be referenced in the current dex file, so we
       //       could try locating it.
       // TODO: Remove the dex_file restriction.
@@ -969,7 +966,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     if (invoke_type == kStatic) {
       clinit_check =
-          ProcessClinitCheckForInvoke(soa, dex_pc, resolved_method, &clinit_check_requirement);
+          ProcessClinitCheckForInvoke(dex_pc, resolved_method, &clinit_check_requirement);
     } else if (invoke_type == kSuper) {
       if (IsSameDexFile(*resolved_method->GetDexFile(), *dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexFile())) {
         // Update the method index to the one resolved. Note that this may be a no-op if
@@ -1055,7 +1052,7 @@
   HInstruction* cls = load_class;
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass = load_class->GetClass();
 
-  if (!IsInitialized(soa, klass)) {
+  if (!IsInitialized(klass)) {
     cls = new (allocator_) HClinitCheck(load_class, dex_pc);
     AppendInstruction(cls);
   }
@@ -1284,7 +1281,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool HInstructionBuilder::IsInitialized(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::Class> cls) const {
+bool HInstructionBuilder::IsInitialized(Handle<mirror::Class> cls) const {
   if (cls == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -1299,7 +1296,7 @@
     }
     // Assume loaded only if klass is in the boot image. App classes cannot be assumed
     // loaded because we don't even know what class loader will be used to load them.
-    if (IsInBootImage(cls.Get(), compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions())) {
+    if (IsInBootImage(cls.Get(), code_generator_->GetCompilerOptions())) {
       return true;
     }
   }
@@ -1312,29 +1309,20 @@
   // can be completely initialized while the superclass is initializing and the subclass
   // remains initialized when the superclass initializer throws afterwards. b/62478025
   // Note: The HClinitCheck+HInvokeStaticOrDirect merging can still apply.
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> outermost_cls = ResolveOutermostCompilingClass(soa);
-  bool is_outer_static_or_constructor =
-      (outer_compilation_unit_->GetAccessFlags() & (kAccStatic | kAccConstructor)) != 0u;
-  if (is_outer_static_or_constructor && outermost_cls == cls.Get()) {
+  auto is_static_method_or_constructor_of_cls = [cls](const DexCompilationUnit& compilation_unit)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return (compilation_unit.GetAccessFlags() & (kAccStatic | kAccConstructor)) != 0u &&
+           compilation_unit.GetCompilingClass().Get() == cls.Get();
+  };
+  if (is_static_method_or_constructor_of_cls(*outer_compilation_unit_) ||
+      // Check also the innermost method. Though excessive copies of ClinitCheck can be
+      // eliminated by GVN, that happens only after the decision whether to inline the
+      // graph or not and that may depend on the presence of the ClinitCheck.
+      // TODO: We should walk over the entire inlined method chain, but we don't pass that
+      // information to the builder.
+      is_static_method_or_constructor_of_cls(*dex_compilation_unit_)) {
     return true;
   }
-  // Remember if the compiled class is a subclass of `cls`. By the time this is used
-  // below the `outermost_cls` may be invalidated by calling ResolveCompilingClass().
-  bool is_subclass = IsSubClass(outermost_cls, cls.Get());
-  if (dex_compilation_unit_ != outer_compilation_unit_) {
-    // Check also the innermost method. Though excessive copies of ClinitCheck can be
-    // eliminated by GVN, that happens only after the decision whether to inline the
-    // graph or not and that may depend on the presence of the ClinitCheck.
-    // TODO: We should walk over the entire inlined method chain, but we don't pass that
-    // information to the builder.
-    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> innermost_cls = ResolveCompilingClass(soa);
-    bool is_inner_static_or_constructor =
-        (dex_compilation_unit_->GetAccessFlags() & (kAccStatic | kAccConstructor)) != 0u;
-    if (is_inner_static_or_constructor && innermost_cls == cls.Get()) {
-      return true;
-    }
-    is_subclass = is_subclass || IsSubClass(innermost_cls, cls.Get());
-  }
 
   // Otherwise, we may be able to avoid the check if `cls` is a superclass of a method being
   // compiled here (anywhere in the inlining chain) as the `cls` must have started initializing
@@ -1355,7 +1343,12 @@
   // TODO: We should walk over the entire inlined methods chain, but we don't pass that
   // information to the builder. (We could also check if we're guaranteed a non-null instance
   // of `cls` at this location but that's outside the scope of the instruction builder.)
-  if (is_subclass && HasTrivialInitialization(cls.Get(), compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions())) {
+  bool is_subclass = IsSubClass(outer_compilation_unit_->GetCompilingClass().Get(), cls.Get());
+  if (dex_compilation_unit_ != outer_compilation_unit_) {
+    is_subclass = is_subclass ||
+                  IsSubClass(dex_compilation_unit_->GetCompilingClass().Get(), cls.Get());
+  }
+  if (is_subclass && HasTrivialInitialization(cls.Get(), code_generator_->GetCompilerOptions())) {
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -1363,18 +1356,16 @@
 }
 
 HClinitCheck* HInstructionBuilder::ProcessClinitCheckForInvoke(
-    ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
     uint32_t dex_pc,
     ArtMethod* resolved_method,
     HInvokeStaticOrDirect::ClinitCheckRequirement* clinit_check_requirement) {
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass = handles_->NewHandle(resolved_method->GetDeclaringClass());
 
   HClinitCheck* clinit_check = nullptr;
-  if (IsInitialized(soa, klass)) {
+  if (IsInitialized(klass)) {
     *clinit_check_requirement = HInvokeStaticOrDirect::ClinitCheckRequirement::kNone;
   } else {
-    HLoadClass* cls = BuildLoadClass(soa,
-                                     klass->GetDexTypeIndex(),
+    HLoadClass* cls = BuildLoadClass(klass->GetDexTypeIndex(),
                                      klass->GetDexFile(),
                                      klass,
                                      dex_pc,
@@ -1610,43 +1601,6 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-static ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ResolveClassFrom(ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
-                                              CompilerDriver* driver,
-                                              const DexCompilationUnit& compilation_unit)
-    REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = compilation_unit.GetClassLoader();
-  Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = compilation_unit.GetDexCache();
-
-  return driver->ResolveCompilingMethodsClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, &compilation_unit);
-}
-
-ObjPtr<mirror::Class> HInstructionBuilder::ResolveOutermostCompilingClass(
-    ScopedObjectAccess& soa) const {
-  return ResolveClassFrom(soa, compiler_driver_, *outer_compilation_unit_);
-}
-
-ObjPtr<mirror::Class> HInstructionBuilder::ResolveCompilingClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa) const {
-  return ResolveClassFrom(soa, compiler_driver_, *dex_compilation_unit_);
-}
-
-bool HInstructionBuilder::IsOutermostCompilingClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index) const {
-  ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache();
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
-  Handle<mirror::Class> cls(hs.NewHandle(compiler_driver_->ResolveClass(
-      soa, dex_cache, class_loader, type_index, dex_compilation_unit_)));
-  Handle<mirror::Class> outer_class(hs.NewHandle(ResolveOutermostCompilingClass(soa)));
-
-  // GetOutermostCompilingClass returns null when the class is unresolved
-  // (e.g. if it derives from an unresolved class). This is bogus knowing that
-  // we are compiling it.
-  // When this happens we cannot establish a direct relation between the current
-  // class and the outer class, so we return false.
-  // (Note that this is only used for optimizing invokes and field accesses)
-  return (cls != nullptr) && (outer_class.Get() == cls.Get());
-}
-
 void HInstructionBuilder::BuildUnresolvedStaticFieldAccess(const Instruction& instruction,
                                                            uint32_t dex_pc,
                                                            bool is_put,
@@ -1666,18 +1620,17 @@
 
 ArtField* HInstructionBuilder::ResolveField(uint16_t field_idx, bool is_static, bool is_put) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLinker();
   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
-  Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class(hs.NewHandle(ResolveCompilingClass(soa)));
 
   ArtField* resolved_field = class_linker->ResolveField(field_idx,
                                                         dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache(),
                                                         class_loader,
                                                         is_static);
+  DCHECK_EQ(resolved_field == nullptr, soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
   if (UNLIKELY(resolved_field == nullptr)) {
-    // Clean up any exception left by type resolution.
+    // Clean up any exception left by field resolution.
     soa.Self()->ClearException();
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -1689,6 +1642,7 @@
   }
 
   // Check access.
+  Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class = dex_compilation_unit_->GetCompilingClass();
   if (compiling_class == nullptr) {
     if (!resolved_field->IsPublic()) {
       return nullptr;
@@ -1731,8 +1685,7 @@
   DataType::Type field_type = GetFieldAccessType(*dex_file_, field_index);
 
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass = handles_->NewHandle(resolved_field->GetDeclaringClass());
-  HLoadClass* constant = BuildLoadClass(soa,
-                                        klass->GetDexTypeIndex(),
+  HLoadClass* constant = BuildLoadClass(klass->GetDexTypeIndex(),
                                         klass->GetDexFile(),
                                         klass,
                                         dex_pc,
@@ -1748,7 +1701,7 @@
   }
 
   HInstruction* cls = constant;
-  if (!IsInitialized(soa, klass)) {
+  if (!IsInitialized(klass)) {
     cls = new (allocator_) HClinitCheck(constant, dex_pc);
     AppendInstruction(cls);
   }
@@ -1989,12 +1942,11 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexFile();
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass = ResolveClass(soa, type_index);
-  bool needs_access_check = LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(soa, klass);
-  return BuildLoadClass(soa, type_index, dex_file, klass, dex_pc, needs_access_check);
+  bool needs_access_check = LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(klass);
+  return BuildLoadClass(type_index, dex_file, klass, dex_pc, needs_access_check);
 }
 
-HLoadClass* HInstructionBuilder::BuildLoadClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
-                                                dex::TypeIndex type_index,
+HLoadClass* HInstructionBuilder::BuildLoadClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index,
                                                 const DexFile& dex_file,
                                                 Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                                                 uint32_t dex_pc,
@@ -2011,11 +1963,8 @@
   }
 
   // Note: `klass` must be from `handles_`.
-  bool is_referrers_class = false;
-  if (klass != nullptr) {
-    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> outermost_cls = ResolveOutermostCompilingClass(soa);
-    is_referrers_class = (outermost_cls == klass.Get());
-  }
+  bool is_referrers_class =
+      (klass != nullptr) && (outer_compilation_unit_->GetCompilingClass().Get() == klass.Get());
   HLoadClass* load_class = new (allocator_) HLoadClass(
       graph_->GetCurrentMethod(),
       type_index,
@@ -2041,22 +1990,28 @@
 
 Handle<mirror::Class> HInstructionBuilder::ResolveClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
                                                         dex::TypeIndex type_index) {
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = compiler_driver_->ResolveClass(
-      soa, dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache(), class_loader, type_index, dex_compilation_unit_);
-  // TODO: Avoid creating excessive handles if the method references the same class repeatedly.
-  // (Use a map on the local_allocator_.)
-  return handles_->NewHandle(klass);
+  auto it = class_cache_.find(type_index);
+  if (it != class_cache_.end()) {
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(
+      type_index, dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache(), dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader());
+  DCHECK_EQ(klass == nullptr, soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
+  soa.Self()->ClearException();  // Clean up the exception left by type resolution if any.
+
+  Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass = handles_->NewHandle(klass);
+  class_cache_.Put(type_index, h_klass);
+  return h_klass;
 }
 
-bool HInstructionBuilder::LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
-                                                    Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
+bool HInstructionBuilder::LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
   if (klass == nullptr) {
     return true;
   } else if (klass->IsPublic()) {
     return false;
   } else {
-    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> compiling_class = ResolveCompilingClass(soa);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> compiling_class = dex_compilation_unit_->GetCompilingClass().Get();
     return compiling_class == nullptr || !compiling_class->CanAccess(klass.Get());
   }
 }
@@ -2085,7 +2040,7 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexFile();
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass = ResolveClass(soa, type_index);
-  bool needs_access_check = LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(soa, klass);
+  bool needs_access_check = LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(klass);
   TypeCheckKind check_kind = HSharpening::ComputeTypeCheckKind(
       klass.Get(), code_generator_, needs_access_check);
 
@@ -2103,7 +2058,7 @@
     bitstring_path_to_root = graph_->GetIntConstant(static_cast<int32_t>(path_to_root), dex_pc);
     bitstring_mask = graph_->GetIntConstant(static_cast<int32_t>(mask), dex_pc);
   } else {
-    class_or_null = BuildLoadClass(soa, type_index, dex_file, klass, dex_pc, needs_access_check);
+    class_or_null = BuildLoadClass(type_index, dex_file, klass, dex_pc, needs_access_check);
   }
   DCHECK(class_or_null != nullptr);
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h
index 2ab2139..d701445 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 class ArtField;
 class ArtMethod;
 class CodeGenerator;
-class CompilerDriver;
 class DexCompilationUnit;
 class HBasicBlockBuilder;
 class Instruction;
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@
                       DataType::Type return_type,
                       const DexCompilationUnit* dex_compilation_unit,
                       const DexCompilationUnit* outer_compilation_unit,
-                      CompilerDriver* compiler_driver,
                       CodeGenerator* code_generator,
                       ArrayRef<const uint8_t> interpreter_metadata,
                       OptimizingCompilerStats* compiler_stats,
@@ -222,8 +220,7 @@
   // Builds a `HLoadClass` loading the given `type_index`.
   HLoadClass* BuildLoadClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index, uint32_t dex_pc);
 
-  HLoadClass* BuildLoadClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
-                             dex::TypeIndex type_index,
+  HLoadClass* BuildLoadClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index,
                              const DexFile& dex_file,
                              Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                              uint32_t dex_pc,
@@ -233,7 +230,7 @@
   Handle<mirror::Class> ResolveClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, dex::TypeIndex type_index)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  bool LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
+  bool LoadClassNeedsAccessCheck(Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Builds a `HLoadMethodHandle` loading the given `method_handle_index`.
@@ -242,17 +239,6 @@
   // Builds a `HLoadMethodType` loading the given `proto_index`.
   void BuildLoadMethodType(dex::ProtoIndex proto_index, uint32_t dex_pc);
 
-  // Returns the outer-most compiling method's class.
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ResolveOutermostCompilingClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa) const
-      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  // Returns the class whose method is being compiled.
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ResolveCompilingClass(ScopedObjectAccess& soa) const
-      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  // Returns whether `type_index` points to the outer-most compiling method's class.
-  bool IsOutermostCompilingClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index) const;
-
   void PotentiallySimplifyFakeString(uint16_t original_dex_register,
                                      uint32_t dex_pc,
                                      HInvoke* invoke);
@@ -275,7 +261,6 @@
   void HandleStringInitResult(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke);
 
   HClinitCheck* ProcessClinitCheckForInvoke(
-      ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
       uint32_t dex_pc,
       ArtMethod* method,
       HInvokeStaticOrDirect::ClinitCheckRequirement* clinit_check_requirement)
@@ -289,7 +274,7 @@
   void BuildConstructorFenceForAllocation(HInstruction* allocation);
 
   // Return whether the compiler can assume `cls` is initialized.
-  bool IsInitialized(ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::Class> cls) const
+  bool IsInitialized(Handle<mirror::Class> cls) const
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Try to resolve a method using the class linker. Return null if a method could
@@ -320,8 +305,6 @@
   HBasicBlockBuilder* const block_builder_;
   SsaBuilder* const ssa_builder_;
 
-  CompilerDriver* const compiler_driver_;
-
   CodeGenerator* const code_generator_;
 
   // The compilation unit of the current method being compiled. Note that
@@ -351,6 +334,10 @@
 
   ScopedArenaVector<HBasicBlock*> loop_headers_;
 
+  // Cached resolved types for the current compilation unit's DexFile.
+  // Handle<>s reference entries in the `handles_`.
+  ScopedArenaSafeMap<dex::TypeIndex, Handle<mirror::Class>> class_cache_;
+
   static constexpr int kDefaultNumberOfLoops = 2;
 
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(HInstructionBuilder);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h
index 8245453..5bd1122 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/intrinsics.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-class CompilerDriver;
 class DexFile;
 
 // Positive floating-point infinities.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
index 6ebe89e..2124380 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
@@ -7402,7 +7402,7 @@
 //     }
 //
 // See also:
-// * CompilerDriver::RequiresConstructorBarrier
+// * DexCompilationUnit::RequiresConstructorBarrier
 // * QuasiAtomic::ThreadFenceForConstructor
 //
 class HConstructorFence final : public HVariableInputSizeInstruction {
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
index a95ddff..4f495b6 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
@@ -870,7 +870,6 @@
                           code_item_accessor,
                           &dex_compilation_unit,
                           &dex_compilation_unit,
-                          compiler_driver,
                           codegen.get(),
                           compilation_stats_.get(),
                           interpreter_metadata,
@@ -991,7 +990,6 @@
                           CodeItemDebugInfoAccessor(),  // Null code item.
                           &dex_compilation_unit,
                           &dex_compilation_unit,
-                          compiler_driver,
                           codegen.get(),
                           compilation_stats_.get(),
                           /* interpreter_metadata */ ArrayRef<const uint8_t>(),
@@ -1056,6 +1054,15 @@
     std::unique_ptr<CodeGenerator> codegen;
     bool compiled_intrinsic = false;
     {
+      ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+      ArtMethod* method =
+          runtime->GetClassLinker()->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::ResolveMode::kCheckICCEAndIAE>(
+              method_idx, dex_cache, jclass_loader, /*referrer=*/ nullptr, invoke_type);
+      DCHECK_EQ(method == nullptr, soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
+      soa.Self()->ClearException();  // Suppress exception if any.
+      VariableSizedHandleScope handles(soa.Self());
+      Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class =
+          handles.NewHandle(method != nullptr ? method->GetDeclaringClass() : nullptr);
       DexCompilationUnit dex_compilation_unit(
           jclass_loader,
           runtime->GetClassLinker(),
@@ -1064,12 +1071,9 @@
           class_def_idx,
           method_idx,
           access_flags,
-          /* verified_method */ nullptr,  // Not needed by the Optimizing compiler.
-          dex_cache);
-      ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-      ArtMethod* method = compiler_driver->ResolveMethod(
-            soa, dex_cache, jclass_loader, &dex_compilation_unit, method_idx, invoke_type);
-      VariableSizedHandleScope handles(soa.Self());
+          /*verified_method=*/ nullptr,  // Not needed by the Optimizing compiler.
+          dex_cache,
+          compiling_class);
       // Go to native so that we don't block GC during compilation.
       ScopedThreadSuspension sts(soa.Self(), kNative);
       if (method != nullptr && UNLIKELY(method->IsIntrinsic())) {
@@ -1171,21 +1175,23 @@
   if (compiler_options.IsBootImage()) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     ArtMethod* method = runtime->GetClassLinker()->LookupResolvedMethod(
-        method_idx, dex_cache.Get(), /* class_loader */ nullptr);
+        method_idx, dex_cache.Get(), /*class_loader=*/ nullptr);
     if (method != nullptr && UNLIKELY(method->IsIntrinsic())) {
+      VariableSizedHandleScope handles(soa.Self());
       ScopedNullHandle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader;  // null means boot class path loader.
+      Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class = handles.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass());
       DexCompilationUnit dex_compilation_unit(
           class_loader,
           runtime->GetClassLinker(),
           dex_file,
-          /* code_item */ nullptr,
-          /* class_def_idx */ DexFile::kDexNoIndex16,
+          /*code_item=*/ nullptr,
+          /*class_def_idx=*/ DexFile::kDexNoIndex16,
           method_idx,
           access_flags,
-          /* verified_method */ nullptr,
-          dex_cache);
+          /*verified_method=*/ nullptr,
+          dex_cache,
+          compiling_class);
       CodeVectorAllocator code_allocator(&allocator);
-      VariableSizedHandleScope handles(soa.Self());
       // Go to native so that we don't block GC during compilation.
       ScopedThreadSuspension sts(soa.Self(), kNative);
       std::unique_ptr<CodeGenerator> codegen(
@@ -1349,6 +1355,7 @@
 
   std::unique_ptr<CodeGenerator> codegen;
   {
+    Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class = handles.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass());
     DexCompilationUnit dex_compilation_unit(
         class_loader,
         runtime->GetClassLinker(),
@@ -1357,8 +1364,9 @@
         class_def_idx,
         method_idx,
         access_flags,
-        /* verified_method */ nullptr,
-        dex_cache);
+        /*verified_method=*/ nullptr,
+        dex_cache,
+        compiling_class);
 
     // Go to native so that we don't block GC during compilation.
     ScopedThreadSuspension sts(self, kNative);
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat_test.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat_test.cc
index 10d2b6f..d22b301 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat_test.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat_test.cc
@@ -2178,6 +2178,22 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(preresolved_seen.find("Other class init") == preresolved_seen.end());
     // Expect the sets match.
     EXPECT_GE(seen.size(), preresolved_seen.size());
+
+    // Verify what strings are marked as boot image.
+    std::set<std::string> boot_image_strings;
+    std::set<std::string> app_image_strings;
+
+    MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+    intern_table.VisitInterns([&](const GcRoot<mirror::String>& root)
+        REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+      boot_image_strings.insert(root.Read()->ToModifiedUtf8());
+    }, /*visit_boot_images=*/true, /*visit_non_boot_images=*/false);
+    intern_table.VisitInterns([&](const GcRoot<mirror::String>& root)
+        REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+      app_image_strings.insert(root.Read()->ToModifiedUtf8());
+    }, /*visit_boot_images=*/false, /*visit_non_boot_images=*/true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(boot_image_strings.size(), 0u);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(app_image_strings == seen);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/dex2oat/linker/image_test.cc b/dex2oat/linker/image_test.cc
index b628c9e..69dac19 100644
--- a/dex2oat/linker/image_test.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/linker/image_test.cc
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@
 TEST_F(ImageTest, TestDefaultMethods) {
   CompilationHelper helper;
   Compile(ImageHeader::kStorageModeUncompressed,
-      helper,
-      "DefaultMethods",
-      {"LIface;", "LImpl;", "LIterableBase;"});
+          helper,
+          "DefaultMethods",
+          {"LIface;", "LImpl;", "LIterableBase;"});
 
   PointerSize pointer_size = class_linker_->GetImagePointerSize();
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
@@ -152,5 +152,17 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(class_linker_->IsQuickToInterpreterBridge(code));
 }
 
+// Regression test for dex2oat crash for soft verification failure during
+// class initialization check from the transactional interpreter while
+// running the class initializer for another class.
+TEST_F(ImageTest, TestSoftVerificationFailureDuringClassInitialization) {
+  CompilationHelper helper;
+  Compile(ImageHeader::kStorageModeUncompressed,
+          helper,
+          "VerifySoftFailDuringClinit",
+          /*image_classes=*/ {"LClassToInitialize;"},
+          /*image_classes_failing_aot_clinit=*/ {"LClassToInitialize;"});
+}
+
 }  // namespace linker
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/dex2oat/linker/image_test.h b/dex2oat/linker/image_test.h
index 443ee52..9d1a4e7 100644
--- a/dex2oat/linker/image_test.h
+++ b/dex2oat/linker/image_test.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/file_utils.h"
 #include "base/hash_set.h"
+#include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "base/utils.h"
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
@@ -81,7 +82,8 @@
   void Compile(ImageHeader::StorageMode storage_mode,
                /*out*/ CompilationHelper& out_helper,
                const std::string& extra_dex = "",
-               const std::initializer_list<std::string>& image_classes = {});
+               const std::initializer_list<std::string>& image_classes = {},
+               const std::initializer_list<std::string>& image_classes_failing_aot_clinit = {});
 
   void SetUpRuntimeOptions(RuntimeOptions* options) override {
     CommonCompilerTest::SetUpRuntimeOptions(options);
@@ -370,10 +372,15 @@
   }
 }
 
-inline void ImageTest::Compile(ImageHeader::StorageMode storage_mode,
-                        CompilationHelper& helper,
-                        const std::string& extra_dex,
-                        const std::initializer_list<std::string>& image_classes) {
+inline void ImageTest::Compile(
+    ImageHeader::StorageMode storage_mode,
+    CompilationHelper& helper,
+    const std::string& extra_dex,
+    const std::initializer_list<std::string>& image_classes,
+    const std::initializer_list<std::string>& image_classes_failing_aot_clinit) {
+  for (const std::string& image_class : image_classes_failing_aot_clinit) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ContainsElement(image_classes, image_class));
+  }
   for (const std::string& image_class : image_classes) {
     image_classes_.insert(image_class);
   }
@@ -394,7 +401,12 @@
       ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass =
           class_linker->FindSystemClass(Thread::Current(), image_class.c_str());
       EXPECT_TRUE(klass != nullptr);
-      EXPECT_TRUE(klass->IsInitialized());
+      EXPECT_TRUE(klass->IsResolved());
+      if (ContainsElement(image_classes_failing_aot_clinit, image_class)) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(klass->IsInitialized());
+      } else {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(klass->IsInitialized());
+      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/dex2oat/linker/image_writer.cc b/dex2oat/linker/image_writer.cc
index fd10b6b..5ca7f07 100644
--- a/dex2oat/linker/image_writer.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/linker/image_writer.cc
@@ -2614,17 +2614,19 @@
     CHECK_EQ(intern_table_bytes, image_info.intern_table_bytes_);
     // Fixup the pointers in the newly written intern table to contain image addresses.
     InternTable temp_intern_table;
-    // Note that we require that ReadFromMemory does not make an internal copy of the elements so that
-    // the VisitRoots() will update the memory directly rather than the copies.
+    // Note that we require that ReadFromMemory does not make an internal copy of the elements so
+    // that the VisitRoots() will update the memory directly rather than the copies.
     // This also relies on visit roots not doing any verification which could fail after we update
     // the roots to be the image addresses.
-    temp_intern_table.AddTableFromMemory(intern_table_memory_ptr, VoidFunctor());
+    temp_intern_table.AddTableFromMemory(intern_table_memory_ptr,
+                                         VoidFunctor(),
+                                         /*is_boot_image=*/ false);
     CHECK_EQ(temp_intern_table.Size(), intern_table->Size());
     temp_intern_table.VisitRoots(&root_visitor, kVisitRootFlagAllRoots);
     // Record relocations. (The root visitor does not get to see the slot addresses.)
     MutexLock lock(Thread::Current(), *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
     DCHECK(!temp_intern_table.strong_interns_.tables_.empty());
-    DCHECK(!temp_intern_table.strong_interns_.tables_[0].empty());  // Inserted at the beginning.
+    DCHECK(!temp_intern_table.strong_interns_.tables_[0].Empty());  // Inserted at the beginning.
   }
   // Write the class table(s) into the image. class_table_bytes_ may be 0 if there are multiple
   // class loaders. Writing multiple class tables into the image is currently unsupported.
diff --git a/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.cc b/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.cc
index a187663..d47f936 100644
--- a/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.cc
+++ b/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.cc
@@ -105,18 +105,7 @@
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
-#if !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm) || !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm64) || \
-    !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips) || !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips64) || \
-    !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86) || !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86_64)
-#error "Missing defines for stack overflow gap"
-#endif
-
-static constexpr size_t kArmStackOverflowReservedBytes    = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm;
-static constexpr size_t kArm64StackOverflowReservedBytes  = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm64;
-static constexpr size_t kMipsStackOverflowReservedBytes   = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips;
-static constexpr size_t kMips64StackOverflowReservedBytes = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips64;
-static constexpr size_t kX86StackOverflowReservedBytes    = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86;
-static constexpr size_t kX86_64StackOverflowReservedBytes = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86_64;
+namespace instruction_set_details {
 
 static_assert(IsAligned<kPageSize>(kArmStackOverflowReservedBytes), "ARM gap not page aligned");
 static_assert(IsAligned<kPageSize>(kArm64StackOverflowReservedBytes), "ARM64 gap not page aligned");
@@ -144,32 +133,10 @@
 static_assert(ART_FRAME_SIZE_LIMIT < kX86_64StackOverflowReservedBytes,
               "Frame size limit too large");
 
-size_t GetStackOverflowReservedBytes(InstructionSet isa) {
-  switch (isa) {
-    case InstructionSet::kArm:      // Intentional fall-through.
-    case InstructionSet::kThumb2:
-      return kArmStackOverflowReservedBytes;
+}  // namespace instruction_set_details
 
-    case InstructionSet::kArm64:
-      return kArm64StackOverflowReservedBytes;
-
-    case InstructionSet::kMips:
-      return kMipsStackOverflowReservedBytes;
-
-    case InstructionSet::kMips64:
-      return kMips64StackOverflowReservedBytes;
-
-    case InstructionSet::kX86:
-      return kX86StackOverflowReservedBytes;
-
-    case InstructionSet::kX86_64:
-      return kX86_64StackOverflowReservedBytes;
-
-    case InstructionSet::kNone:
-      LOG(FATAL) << "kNone has no stack overflow size";
-      UNREACHABLE();
-  }
-  LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown instruction set" << isa;
+NO_RETURN void GetStackOverflowReservedBytesFailure(const char* error_msg) {
+  LOG(FATAL) << error_msg;
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
diff --git a/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.h b/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.h
index 06bd53a..7e071bd 100644
--- a/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.h
+++ b/libartbase/arch/instruction_set.h
@@ -226,7 +226,53 @@
   InstructionSetAbort(isa);
 }
 
-size_t GetStackOverflowReservedBytes(InstructionSet isa);
+namespace instruction_set_details {
+
+#if !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm) || !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm64) || \
+    !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips) || !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips64) || \
+    !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86) || !defined(ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86_64)
+#error "Missing defines for stack overflow gap"
+#endif
+
+static constexpr size_t kArmStackOverflowReservedBytes    = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm;
+static constexpr size_t kArm64StackOverflowReservedBytes  = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_arm64;
+static constexpr size_t kMipsStackOverflowReservedBytes   = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips;
+static constexpr size_t kMips64StackOverflowReservedBytes = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_mips64;
+static constexpr size_t kX86StackOverflowReservedBytes    = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86;
+static constexpr size_t kX86_64StackOverflowReservedBytes = ART_STACK_OVERFLOW_GAP_x86_64;
+
+NO_RETURN void GetStackOverflowReservedBytesFailure(const char* error_msg);
+
+}  // namespace instruction_set_details
+
+ALWAYS_INLINE
+constexpr size_t GetStackOverflowReservedBytes(InstructionSet isa) {
+  switch (isa) {
+    case InstructionSet::kArm:      // Intentional fall-through.
+    case InstructionSet::kThumb2:
+      return instruction_set_details::kArmStackOverflowReservedBytes;
+
+    case InstructionSet::kArm64:
+      return instruction_set_details::kArm64StackOverflowReservedBytes;
+
+    case InstructionSet::kMips:
+      return instruction_set_details::kMipsStackOverflowReservedBytes;
+
+    case InstructionSet::kMips64:
+      return instruction_set_details::kMips64StackOverflowReservedBytes;
+
+    case InstructionSet::kX86:
+      return instruction_set_details::kX86StackOverflowReservedBytes;
+
+    case InstructionSet::kX86_64:
+      return instruction_set_details::kX86_64StackOverflowReservedBytes;
+
+    case InstructionSet::kNone:
+      instruction_set_details::GetStackOverflowReservedBytesFailure(
+          "kNone has no stack overflow size");
+  }
+  instruction_set_details::GetStackOverflowReservedBytesFailure("Unknown instruction set");
+}
 
 // The following definitions create return types for two word-sized entities that will be passed
 // in registers so that memory operations for the interface trampolines can be avoided. The entities
diff --git a/libdexfile/dex/dex_file-inl.h b/libdexfile/dex/dex_file-inl.h
index eae7efc..c884eee 100644
--- a/libdexfile/dex/dex_file-inl.h
+++ b/libdexfile/dex/dex_file-inl.h
@@ -110,6 +110,14 @@
   return StringDataByIdx(method_id.name_idx_);
 }
 
+inline const char* DexFile::GetMethodName(const MethodId& method_id, uint32_t* utf_length) const {
+  return StringDataAndUtf16LengthByIdx(method_id.name_idx_, utf_length);
+}
+
+inline const char* DexFile::GetMethodName(uint32_t idx, uint32_t* utf_length) const {
+  return StringDataAndUtf16LengthByIdx(GetMethodId(idx).name_idx_, utf_length);
+}
+
 inline const char* DexFile::GetMethodShorty(uint32_t idx) const {
   return StringDataByIdx(GetProtoId(GetMethodId(idx).proto_idx_).shorty_idx_);
 }
diff --git a/libdexfile/dex/dex_file.h b/libdexfile/dex/dex_file.h
index 6a52f67..b3e7ad4 100644
--- a/libdexfile/dex/dex_file.h
+++ b/libdexfile/dex/dex_file.h
@@ -641,6 +641,8 @@
 
   // Returns the name of a method id.
   const char* GetMethodName(const MethodId& method_id) const;
+  const char* GetMethodName(const MethodId& method_id, uint32_t* utf_length) const;
+  const char* GetMethodName(uint32_t idx, uint32_t* utf_length) const;
 
   // Returns the shorty of a method by its index.
   const char* GetMethodShorty(uint32_t idx) const;
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index e3dfdb3..9ba52c4 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -1495,18 +1495,44 @@
   intern_table->AddImageStringsToTable(space, [&](InternTable::UnorderedSet& interns)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_) {
+    const size_t non_boot_image_strings = intern_table->CountInterns(
+        /*visit_boot_images=*/false,
+        /*visit_non_boot_images=*/true);
     VLOG(image) << "AppImage:stringsInInternTableSize = " << interns.size();
-    for (auto it = interns.begin(); it != interns.end(); ) {
-      ObjPtr<mirror::String> string = it->Read();
-      ObjPtr<mirror::String> existing = intern_table->LookupWeakLocked(string);
-      if (existing == nullptr) {
-        existing = intern_table->LookupStrongLocked(string);
+    VLOG(image) << "AppImage:nonBootImageInternStrings = " << non_boot_image_strings;
+    // Visit the smaller of the two sets to compute the intersection.
+    if (interns.size() < non_boot_image_strings) {
+      for (auto it = interns.begin(); it != interns.end(); ) {
+        ObjPtr<mirror::String> string = it->Read();
+        ObjPtr<mirror::String> existing = intern_table->LookupWeakLocked(string);
+        if (existing == nullptr) {
+          existing = intern_table->LookupStrongLocked(string);
+        }
+        if (existing != nullptr) {
+          intern_remap.Put(string.Ptr(), existing.Ptr());
+          it = interns.erase(it);
+        } else {
+          ++it;
+        }
       }
-      if (existing != nullptr) {
-        intern_remap.Put(string.Ptr(), existing.Ptr());
-        it = interns.erase(it);
-      } else {
-        ++it;
+    } else {
+      intern_table->VisitInterns([&](const GcRoot<mirror::String>& root)
+          REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+          REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_) {
+        auto it = interns.find(root);
+        if (it != interns.end()) {
+          ObjPtr<mirror::String> existing = root.Read();
+          intern_remap.Put(it->Read(), existing.Ptr());
+          it = interns.erase(it);
+        }
+      }, /*visit_boot_images=*/false, /*visit_non_boot_images=*/true);
+    }
+    // Sanity check to ensure correctness.
+    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
+      for (GcRoot<mirror::String>& root : interns) {
+        ObjPtr<mirror::String> string = root.Read();
+        CHECK(intern_table->LookupWeakLocked(string) == nullptr) << string->ToModifiedUtf8();
+        CHECK(intern_table->LookupStrongLocked(string) == nullptr) << string->ToModifiedUtf8();
       }
     }
   });
@@ -4903,7 +4929,10 @@
         } else {
           CHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
           CHECK_EQ(klass->GetStatus(), ClassStatus::kRetryVerificationAtRuntime);
+          self->AssertNoPendingException();
+          self->SetException(Runtime::Current()->GetPreAllocatedNoClassDefFoundError());
         }
+        self->AssertPendingException();
         return false;
       } else {
         self->AssertNoPendingException();
diff --git a/runtime/class_loader_context.cc b/runtime/class_loader_context.cc
index dd10f3c..de9fe22 100644
--- a/runtime/class_loader_context.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_loader_context.cc
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
 static constexpr char kDelegateLastClassLoaderString[] = "DLC";
 static constexpr char kClassLoaderOpeningMark = '[';
 static constexpr char kClassLoaderClosingMark = ']';
+static constexpr char kClassLoaderSharedLibraryOpeningMark = '{';
+static constexpr char kClassLoaderSharedLibraryClosingMark = '}';
+static constexpr char kClassLoaderSharedLibrarySeparator = '#';
 static constexpr char kClassLoaderSeparator = ';';
 static constexpr char kClasspathSeparator = ':';
 static constexpr char kDexFileChecksumSeparator = '*';
@@ -58,17 +61,35 @@
       dex_files_open_result_(true),
       owns_the_dex_files_(owns_the_dex_files) {}
 
+// Utility method to add parent and shared libraries of `info` into
+// the `work_list`.
+static void AddToWorkList(
+    ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo* info,
+    std::vector<ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo*>& work_list) {
+  if (info->parent != nullptr) {
+    work_list.push_back(info->parent.get());
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < info->shared_libraries.size(); ++i) {
+    work_list.push_back(info->shared_libraries[i].get());
+  }
+}
+
 ClassLoaderContext::~ClassLoaderContext() {
-  if (!owns_the_dex_files_) {
+  if (!owns_the_dex_files_ && class_loader_chain_ != nullptr) {
     // If the context does not own the dex/oat files release the unique pointers to
     // make sure we do not de-allocate them.
-    for (ClassLoaderInfo& info : class_loader_chain_) {
-      for (std::unique_ptr<OatFile>& oat_file : info.opened_oat_files) {
+    std::vector<ClassLoaderInfo*> work_list;
+    work_list.push_back(class_loader_chain_.get());
+    while (!work_list.empty()) {
+      ClassLoaderInfo* info = work_list.back();
+      work_list.pop_back();
+      for (std::unique_ptr<OatFile>& oat_file : info->opened_oat_files) {
         oat_file.release();  // NOLINT b/117926937
       }
-      for (std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex_file : info.opened_dex_files) {
+      for (std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex_file : info->opened_dex_files) {
         dex_file.release();  // NOLINT b/117926937
       }
+      AddToWorkList(info, work_list);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -86,11 +107,16 @@
   }
 }
 
-// The expected format is: "ClassLoaderType1[ClasspathElem1*Checksum1:ClasspathElem2*Checksum2...]".
+// The expected format is:
+// "ClassLoaderType1[ClasspathElem1*Checksum1:ClasspathElem2*Checksum2...]{ClassLoaderType2[...]}".
 // The checksum part of the format is expected only if parse_cheksums is true.
-bool ClassLoaderContext::ParseClassLoaderSpec(const std::string& class_loader_spec,
-                                              ClassLoaderType class_loader_type,
-                                              bool parse_checksums) {
+std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo> ClassLoaderContext::ParseClassLoaderSpec(
+    const std::string& class_loader_spec,
+    bool parse_checksums) {
+  ClassLoaderType class_loader_type = ExtractClassLoaderType(class_loader_spec);
+  if (class_loader_type == kInvalidClassLoader) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
   const char* class_loader_type_str = GetClassLoaderTypeName(class_loader_type);
   size_t type_str_size = strlen(class_loader_type_str);
 
@@ -98,21 +124,24 @@
 
   // Check the opening and closing markers.
   if (class_loader_spec[type_str_size] != kClassLoaderOpeningMark) {
-    return false;
+    return nullptr;
   }
-  if (class_loader_spec[class_loader_spec.length() - 1] != kClassLoaderClosingMark) {
-    return false;
+  if ((class_loader_spec[class_loader_spec.length() - 1] != kClassLoaderClosingMark) &&
+      (class_loader_spec[class_loader_spec.length() - 1] != kClassLoaderSharedLibraryClosingMark)) {
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
+  size_t closing_index = class_loader_spec.find_first_of(kClassLoaderClosingMark);
+
   // At this point we know the format is ok; continue and extract the classpath.
   // Note that class loaders with an empty class path are allowed.
   std::string classpath = class_loader_spec.substr(type_str_size + 1,
-                                                   class_loader_spec.length() - type_str_size - 2);
+                                                   closing_index - type_str_size - 1);
 
-  class_loader_chain_.push_back(ClassLoaderInfo(class_loader_type));
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> info(new ClassLoaderInfo(class_loader_type));
 
   if (!parse_checksums) {
-    Split(classpath, kClasspathSeparator, &class_loader_chain_.back().classpath);
+    Split(classpath, kClasspathSeparator, &info->classpath);
   } else {
     std::vector<std::string> classpath_elements;
     Split(classpath, kClasspathSeparator, &classpath_elements);
@@ -120,18 +149,37 @@
       std::vector<std::string> dex_file_with_checksum;
       Split(element, kDexFileChecksumSeparator, &dex_file_with_checksum);
       if (dex_file_with_checksum.size() != 2) {
-        return false;
+        return nullptr;
       }
       uint32_t checksum = 0;
       if (!android::base::ParseUint(dex_file_with_checksum[1].c_str(), &checksum)) {
-        return false;
+        return nullptr;
       }
-      class_loader_chain_.back().classpath.push_back(dex_file_with_checksum[0]);
-      class_loader_chain_.back().checksums.push_back(checksum);
+      info->classpath.push_back(dex_file_with_checksum[0]);
+      info->checksums.push_back(checksum);
     }
   }
 
-  return true;
+  if (class_loader_spec[class_loader_spec.length() - 1] == kClassLoaderSharedLibraryClosingMark) {
+    size_t start_index = class_loader_spec.find_first_of(kClassLoaderSharedLibraryOpeningMark);
+    if (start_index == std::string::npos) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    std::string shared_libraries_spec =
+        class_loader_spec.substr(start_index + 1, class_loader_spec.length() - start_index - 2);
+    std::vector<std::string> shared_libraries;
+    Split(shared_libraries_spec, kClassLoaderSharedLibrarySeparator, &shared_libraries);
+    for (const std::string& shared_library_spec : shared_libraries) {
+      std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> shared_library(
+          ParseInternal(shared_library_spec, parse_checksums));
+      if (shared_library == nullptr) {
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+      info->shared_libraries.push_back(std::move(shared_library));
+    }
+  }
+
+  return info;
 }
 
 // Extracts the class loader type from the given spec.
@@ -157,7 +205,7 @@
     // By default we load the dex files in a PathClassLoader.
     // So an empty spec is equivalent to an empty PathClassLoader (this happens when running
     // tests)
-    class_loader_chain_.push_back(ClassLoaderInfo(kPathClassLoader));
+    class_loader_chain_.reset(new ClassLoaderInfo(kPathClassLoader));
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -169,21 +217,102 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  std::vector<std::string> class_loaders;
-  Split(spec, kClassLoaderSeparator, &class_loaders);
+  CHECK(class_loader_chain_ == nullptr);
+  class_loader_chain_.reset(ParseInternal(spec, parse_checksums));
+  return class_loader_chain_ != nullptr;
+}
 
-  for (const std::string& class_loader : class_loaders) {
-    ClassLoaderType type = ExtractClassLoaderType(class_loader);
-    if (type == kInvalidClassLoader) {
-      LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid class loader type: " << class_loader;
-      return false;
+ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo* ClassLoaderContext::ParseInternal(
+    const std::string& spec, bool parse_checksums) {
+  CHECK(!spec.empty());
+  CHECK_NE(spec, OatFile::kSpecialSharedLibrary);
+  std::string remaining = spec;
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> first(nullptr);
+  ClassLoaderInfo* previous_iteration = nullptr;
+  while (!remaining.empty()) {
+    std::string class_loader_spec;
+    size_t first_class_loader_separator = remaining.find_first_of(kClassLoaderSeparator);
+    size_t first_shared_library_open =
+        remaining.find_first_of(kClassLoaderSharedLibraryOpeningMark);
+    if (first_class_loader_separator == std::string::npos) {
+      // Only one class loader, for example:
+      // PCL[...]
+      class_loader_spec = remaining;
+      remaining = "";
+    } else if ((first_shared_library_open == std::string::npos) ||
+               (first_shared_library_open > first_class_loader_separator)) {
+      // We found a class loader spec without shared libraries, for example:
+      // PCL[...];PCL[...]{...}
+      class_loader_spec = remaining.substr(0, first_class_loader_separator);
+      remaining = remaining.substr(first_class_loader_separator + 1,
+                                   remaining.size() - first_class_loader_separator - 1);
+    } else {
+      // The class loader spec contains shared libraries. Find the matching closing
+      // shared library marker for it.
+
+      // Counter of opened shared library marker we've encountered so far.
+      uint32_t counter = 1;
+      // The index at which we're operating in the loop.
+      uint32_t string_index = first_shared_library_open + 1;
+      while (counter != 0) {
+        size_t shared_library_close =
+            remaining.find_first_of(kClassLoaderSharedLibraryClosingMark, string_index);
+        size_t shared_library_open =
+            remaining.find_first_of(kClassLoaderSharedLibraryOpeningMark, string_index);
+        if (shared_library_close == std::string::npos) {
+          // No matching closing market. Return an error.
+          LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid class loader spec: " << class_loader_spec;
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        if ((shared_library_open == std::string::npos) ||
+            (shared_library_close < shared_library_open)) {
+          // We have seen a closing marker. Decrement the counter.
+          --counter;
+          if (counter == 0) {
+            // Found the matching closing marker.
+            class_loader_spec = remaining.substr(0, shared_library_close + 1);
+
+            // Compute the remaining string to analyze.
+            if (remaining.size() == shared_library_close + 1) {
+              remaining = "";
+            } else if ((remaining.size() == shared_library_close + 2) ||
+                       (remaining.at(shared_library_close + 1) != kClassLoaderSeparator)) {
+              LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid class loader spec: " << class_loader_spec;
+              return nullptr;
+            } else {
+              remaining = remaining.substr(shared_library_close + 2,
+                                           remaining.size() - shared_library_close - 2);
+            }
+          } else {
+            // Move the search index forward.
+            string_index = shared_library_close + 1;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // New nested opening marker. Increment the counter and move the search
+          // index after the marker.
+          ++counter;
+          string_index = shared_library_open + 1;
+        }
+      }
     }
-    if (!ParseClassLoaderSpec(class_loader, type, parse_checksums)) {
-      LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid class loader spec: " << class_loader;
-      return false;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> info =
+        ParseClassLoaderSpec(class_loader_spec, parse_checksums);
+    if (info == nullptr) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid class loader spec: " << class_loader_spec;
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (first == nullptr) {
+      first.reset(info.release());
+      previous_iteration = first.get();
+    } else {
+      CHECK(previous_iteration != nullptr);
+      previous_iteration->parent.reset(info.release());
+      previous_iteration = previous_iteration->parent.get();
     }
   }
-  return true;
+  return first.release();
 }
 
 // Opens requested class path files and appends them to opened_dex_files. If the dex files have
@@ -208,9 +337,13 @@
   // TODO(calin): Refine the dex opening interface to be able to tell if an archive contains
   // no dex files. So that we can distinguish the real failures...
   const ArtDexFileLoader dex_file_loader;
-  for (ClassLoaderInfo& info : class_loader_chain_) {
-    size_t opened_dex_files_index = info.opened_dex_files.size();
-    for (const std::string& cp_elem : info.classpath) {
+  std::vector<ClassLoaderInfo*> work_list;
+  work_list.push_back(class_loader_chain_.get());
+  while (!work_list.empty()) {
+    ClassLoaderInfo* info = work_list.back();
+    work_list.pop_back();
+    size_t opened_dex_files_index = info->opened_dex_files.size();
+    for (const std::string& cp_elem : info->classpath) {
       // If path is relative, append it to the provided base directory.
       std::string location = cp_elem;
       if (location[0] != '/' && !classpath_dir.empty()) {
@@ -225,7 +358,7 @@
                                 Runtime::Current()->IsVerificationEnabled(),
                                 /*verify_checksum=*/ true,
                                 &error_msg,
-                                &info.opened_dex_files)) {
+                                &info->opened_dex_files)) {
         // If we fail to open the dex file because it's been stripped, try to open the dex file
         // from its corresponding oat file.
         // This could happen when we need to recompile a pre-build whose dex code has been stripped.
@@ -237,10 +370,10 @@
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> oat_dex_files;
         if (oat_file != nullptr &&
             OatFileAssistant::LoadDexFiles(*oat_file, location, &oat_dex_files)) {
-          info.opened_oat_files.push_back(std::move(oat_file));
-          info.opened_dex_files.insert(info.opened_dex_files.end(),
-                                       std::make_move_iterator(oat_dex_files.begin()),
-                                       std::make_move_iterator(oat_dex_files.end()));
+          info->opened_oat_files.push_back(std::move(oat_file));
+          info->opened_dex_files.insert(info->opened_dex_files.end(),
+                                        std::make_move_iterator(oat_dex_files.begin()),
+                                        std::make_move_iterator(oat_dex_files.end()));
         } else {
           LOG(WARNING) << "Could not open dex files from location: " << location;
           dex_files_open_result_ = false;
@@ -257,14 +390,15 @@
     // This will allow the context to VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch which expects or multidex
     // location in the class paths.
     // Note that this will also remove the paths that could not be opened.
-    info.original_classpath = std::move(info.classpath);
-    info.classpath.clear();
-    info.checksums.clear();
-    for (size_t k = opened_dex_files_index; k < info.opened_dex_files.size(); k++) {
-      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex = info.opened_dex_files[k];
-      info.classpath.push_back(dex->GetLocation());
-      info.checksums.push_back(dex->GetLocationChecksum());
+    info->original_classpath = std::move(info->classpath);
+    info->classpath.clear();
+    info->checksums.clear();
+    for (size_t k = opened_dex_files_index; k < info->opened_dex_files.size(); k++) {
+      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex = info->opened_dex_files[k];
+      info->classpath.push_back(dex->GetLocation());
+      info->checksums.push_back(dex->GetLocationChecksum());
     }
+    AddToWorkList(info, work_list);
   }
 
   return dex_files_open_result_;
@@ -275,24 +409,33 @@
   CHECK(!dex_files_open_attempted_)
       << "RemoveLocationsFromClasspaths cannot be call after OpenDexFiles";
 
+  if (class_loader_chain_ == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   std::set<std::string> canonical_locations;
   for (const std::string& location : locations) {
     canonical_locations.insert(DexFileLoader::GetDexCanonicalLocation(location.c_str()));
   }
   bool removed_locations = false;
-  for (ClassLoaderInfo& info : class_loader_chain_) {
-    size_t initial_size = info.classpath.size();
+  std::vector<ClassLoaderInfo*> work_list;
+  work_list.push_back(class_loader_chain_.get());
+  while (!work_list.empty()) {
+    ClassLoaderInfo* info = work_list.back();
+    work_list.pop_back();
+    size_t initial_size = info->classpath.size();
     auto kept_it = std::remove_if(
-        info.classpath.begin(),
-        info.classpath.end(),
+        info->classpath.begin(),
+        info->classpath.end(),
         [canonical_locations](const std::string& location) {
             return ContainsElement(canonical_locations,
                                    DexFileLoader::GetDexCanonicalLocation(location.c_str()));
         });
-    info.classpath.erase(kept_it, info.classpath.end());
-    if (initial_size != info.classpath.size()) {
+    info->classpath.erase(kept_it, info->classpath.end());
+    if (initial_size != info->classpath.size()) {
       removed_locations = true;
     }
+    AddToWorkList(info, work_list);
   }
   return removed_locations;
 }
@@ -315,11 +458,11 @@
   }
 
   if (stored_context != nullptr) {
-    DCHECK_EQ(class_loader_chain_.size(), stored_context->class_loader_chain_.size());
+    DCHECK_EQ(GetParentChainSize(), stored_context->GetParentChainSize());
   }
 
   std::ostringstream out;
-  if (class_loader_chain_.empty()) {
+  if (class_loader_chain_ == nullptr) {
     // We can get in this situation if the context was created with a class path containing the
     // source dex files which were later removed (happens during run-tests).
     out << GetClassLoaderTypeName(kPathClassLoader)
@@ -328,62 +471,122 @@
     return out.str();
   }
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < class_loader_chain_.size(); i++) {
-    const ClassLoaderInfo& info = class_loader_chain_[i];
-    if (i > 0) {
-      out << kClassLoaderSeparator;
-    }
-    out << GetClassLoaderTypeName(info.type);
-    out << kClassLoaderOpeningMark;
-    std::set<std::string> seen_locations;
-    SafeMap<std::string, std::string> remap;
-    if (stored_context != nullptr) {
-      DCHECK_EQ(info.original_classpath.size(),
-                stored_context->class_loader_chain_[i].classpath.size());
-      for (size_t k = 0; k < info.original_classpath.size(); ++k) {
-        // Note that we don't care if the same name appears twice.
-        remap.Put(info.original_classpath[k], stored_context->class_loader_chain_[i].classpath[k]);
-      }
-    }
-    for (size_t k = 0; k < info.opened_dex_files.size(); k++) {
-      const std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex_file = info.opened_dex_files[k];
-      if (for_dex2oat) {
-        // dex2oat only needs the base location. It cannot accept multidex locations.
-        // So ensure we only add each file once.
-        bool new_insert = seen_locations.insert(
-            DexFileLoader::GetBaseLocation(dex_file->GetLocation())).second;
-        if (!new_insert) {
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-      std::string location = dex_file->GetLocation();
-      // If there is a stored class loader remap, fix up the multidex strings.
-      if (!remap.empty()) {
-        std::string base_dex_location = DexFileLoader::GetBaseLocation(location);
-        auto it = remap.find(base_dex_location);
-        CHECK(it != remap.end()) << base_dex_location;
-        location = it->second + DexFileLoader::GetMultiDexSuffix(location);
-      }
-      if (k > 0) {
-        out << kClasspathSeparator;
-      }
-      // Find paths that were relative and convert them back from absolute.
-      if (!base_dir.empty() && location.substr(0, base_dir.length()) == base_dir) {
-        out << location.substr(base_dir.length() + 1).c_str();
-      } else {
-        out << location.c_str();
-      }
-      // dex2oat does not need the checksums.
-      if (!for_dex2oat) {
-        out << kDexFileChecksumSeparator;
-        out << dex_file->GetLocationChecksum();
-      }
-    }
-    out << kClassLoaderClosingMark;
-  }
+  EncodeContextInternal(
+      *class_loader_chain_,
+      base_dir,
+      for_dex2oat,
+      (stored_context == nullptr ? nullptr : stored_context->class_loader_chain_.get()),
+      out);
   return out.str();
 }
 
+void ClassLoaderContext::EncodeContextInternal(const ClassLoaderInfo& info,
+                                               const std::string& base_dir,
+                                               bool for_dex2oat,
+                                               ClassLoaderInfo* stored_info,
+                                               std::ostringstream& out) const {
+  out << GetClassLoaderTypeName(info.type);
+  out << kClassLoaderOpeningMark;
+  std::set<std::string> seen_locations;
+  SafeMap<std::string, std::string> remap;
+  if (stored_info != nullptr) {
+    for (size_t k = 0; k < info.original_classpath.size(); ++k) {
+      // Note that we don't care if the same name appears twice.
+      remap.Put(info.original_classpath[k], stored_info->classpath[k]);
+    }
+  }
+  for (size_t k = 0; k < info.opened_dex_files.size(); k++) {
+    const std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex_file = info.opened_dex_files[k];
+    if (for_dex2oat) {
+      // dex2oat only needs the base location. It cannot accept multidex locations.
+      // So ensure we only add each file once.
+      bool new_insert = seen_locations.insert(
+          DexFileLoader::GetBaseLocation(dex_file->GetLocation())).second;
+      if (!new_insert) {
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    std::string location = dex_file->GetLocation();
+    // If there is a stored class loader remap, fix up the multidex strings.
+    if (!remap.empty()) {
+      std::string base_dex_location = DexFileLoader::GetBaseLocation(location);
+      auto it = remap.find(base_dex_location);
+      CHECK(it != remap.end()) << base_dex_location;
+      location = it->second + DexFileLoader::GetMultiDexSuffix(location);
+    }
+    if (k > 0) {
+      out << kClasspathSeparator;
+    }
+    // Find paths that were relative and convert them back from absolute.
+    if (!base_dir.empty() && location.substr(0, base_dir.length()) == base_dir) {
+      out << location.substr(base_dir.length() + 1).c_str();
+    } else {
+      out << location.c_str();
+    }
+    // dex2oat does not need the checksums.
+    if (!for_dex2oat) {
+      out << kDexFileChecksumSeparator;
+      out << dex_file->GetLocationChecksum();
+    }
+  }
+  out << kClassLoaderClosingMark;
+
+  if (!info.shared_libraries.empty()) {
+    out << kClassLoaderSharedLibraryOpeningMark;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < info.shared_libraries.size(); ++i) {
+      if (i > 0) {
+        out << kClassLoaderSharedLibrarySeparator;
+      }
+      EncodeContextInternal(
+          *info.shared_libraries[i].get(),
+          base_dir,
+          for_dex2oat,
+          (stored_info == nullptr ? nullptr : stored_info->shared_libraries[i].get()),
+          out);
+    }
+    out << kClassLoaderSharedLibraryClosingMark;
+  }
+  if (info.parent != nullptr) {
+    out << kClassLoaderSeparator;
+    EncodeContextInternal(
+        *info.parent.get(),
+        base_dir,
+        for_dex2oat,
+        (stored_info == nullptr ? nullptr : stored_info->parent.get()),
+        out);
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns the WellKnownClass for the given class loader type.
+static jclass GetClassLoaderClass(ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderType type) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case ClassLoaderContext::kPathClassLoader:
+      return WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader;
+    case ClassLoaderContext::kDelegateLastClassLoader:
+      return WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DelegateLastClassLoader;
+    case ClassLoaderContext::kInvalidClassLoader: break;  // will fail after the switch.
+  }
+  LOG(FATAL) << "Invalid class loader type " << type;
+  UNREACHABLE();
+}
+
+static jobject CreateClassLoaderInternal(Thread* self,
+                                         const ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  CHECK(info.shared_libraries.empty()) << "Class loader shared library not implemented yet";
+  jobject parent = nullptr;
+  if (info.parent != nullptr) {
+    parent = CreateClassLoaderInternal(self, *info.parent.get());
+  }
+  std::vector<const DexFile*> class_path_files = MakeNonOwningPointerVector(
+      info.opened_dex_files);
+  return Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->CreateWellKnownClassLoader(
+      self,
+      class_path_files,
+      GetClassLoaderClass(info.type),
+      parent);
+}
+
 jobject ClassLoaderContext::CreateClassLoader(
     const std::vector<const DexFile*>& compilation_sources) const {
   CheckDexFilesOpened("CreateClassLoader");
@@ -393,22 +596,14 @@
 
   ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
 
-  if (class_loader_chain_.empty()) {
+  if (class_loader_chain_ == nullptr) {
     return class_linker->CreatePathClassLoader(self, compilation_sources);
   }
 
-  // Create the class loaders starting from the top most parent (the one on the last position
-  // in the chain) but omit the first class loader which will contain the compilation_sources and
-  // needs special handling.
-  jobject current_parent = nullptr;  // the starting parent is the BootClassLoader.
-  for (size_t i = class_loader_chain_.size() - 1; i > 0; i--) {
-    std::vector<const DexFile*> class_path_files = MakeNonOwningPointerVector(
-        class_loader_chain_[i].opened_dex_files);
-    current_parent = class_linker->CreateWellKnownClassLoader(
-        self,
-        class_path_files,
-        GetClassLoaderClass(class_loader_chain_[i].type),
-        current_parent);
+  // Create the class loader of the parent.
+  jobject parent = nullptr;
+  if (class_loader_chain_->parent != nullptr) {
+    parent = CreateClassLoaderInternal(self, *class_loader_chain_->parent.get());
   }
 
   // We set up all the parents. Move on to create the first class loader.
@@ -416,26 +611,34 @@
   // we need to resolve classes from it the classpath elements come first.
 
   std::vector<const DexFile*> first_class_loader_classpath = MakeNonOwningPointerVector(
-      class_loader_chain_[0].opened_dex_files);
+      class_loader_chain_->opened_dex_files);
   first_class_loader_classpath.insert(first_class_loader_classpath.end(),
-                                    compilation_sources.begin(),
-                                    compilation_sources.end());
+                                      compilation_sources.begin(),
+                                      compilation_sources.end());
 
   return class_linker->CreateWellKnownClassLoader(
       self,
       first_class_loader_classpath,
-      GetClassLoaderClass(class_loader_chain_[0].type),
-      current_parent);
+      GetClassLoaderClass(class_loader_chain_->type),
+      parent);
 }
 
 std::vector<const DexFile*> ClassLoaderContext::FlattenOpenedDexFiles() const {
   CheckDexFilesOpened("FlattenOpenedDexFiles");
 
   std::vector<const DexFile*> result;
-  for (const ClassLoaderInfo& info : class_loader_chain_) {
-    for (const std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex_file : info.opened_dex_files) {
+  if (class_loader_chain_ == nullptr) {
+    return result;
+  }
+  std::vector<ClassLoaderInfo*> work_list;
+  work_list.push_back(class_loader_chain_.get());
+  while (!work_list.empty()) {
+    ClassLoaderInfo* info = work_list.back();
+    work_list.pop_back();
+    for (const std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>& dex_file : info->opened_dex_files) {
       result.push_back(dex_file.get());
     }
+    AddToWorkList(info, work_list);
   }
   return result;
 }
@@ -632,12 +835,21 @@
     GetDexFilesFromDexElementsArray(soa, dex_elements, &dex_files_loaded);
   }
 
-  class_loader_chain_.push_back(ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo(type));
-  ClassLoaderInfo& info = class_loader_chain_.back();
+  ClassLoaderInfo* info = new ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo(type);
+  if (class_loader_chain_ == nullptr) {
+    class_loader_chain_.reset(info);
+  } else {
+    ClassLoaderInfo* child = class_loader_chain_.get();
+    while (child->parent != nullptr) {
+      child = child->parent.get();
+    }
+    child->parent.reset(info);
+  }
+
   for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files_loaded) {
-    info.classpath.push_back(dex_file->GetLocation());
-    info.checksums.push_back(dex_file->GetLocationChecksum());
-    info.opened_dex_files.emplace_back(dex_file);
+    info->classpath.push_back(dex_file->GetLocation());
+    info->checksums.push_back(dex_file->GetLocationChecksum());
+    info->opened_dex_files.emplace_back(dex_file);
   }
 
   // We created the ClassLoaderInfo for the current loader. Move on to its parent.
@@ -696,7 +908,7 @@
   // collision check.
   if (expected_context.special_shared_library_) {
     // Special case where we are the only entry in the class path.
-    if (class_loader_chain_.size() == 1 && class_loader_chain_[0].classpath.size() == 0) {
+    if (class_loader_chain_->parent == nullptr && class_loader_chain_->classpath.size() == 0) {
       return VerificationResult::kVerifies;
     }
     return VerificationResult::kForcedToSkipChecks;
@@ -704,41 +916,43 @@
     return VerificationResult::kForcedToSkipChecks;
   }
 
-  if (expected_context.class_loader_chain_.size() != class_loader_chain_.size()) {
-    LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext size mismatch. expected="
-        << expected_context.class_loader_chain_.size()
-        << ", actual=" << class_loader_chain_.size()
-        << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
+  ClassLoaderInfo* info = class_loader_chain_.get();
+  ClassLoaderInfo* expected = expected_context.class_loader_chain_.get();
+  CHECK(info != nullptr);
+  CHECK(expected != nullptr);
+  if (!ClassLoaderInfoMatch(*info, *expected, context_spec, verify_names, verify_checksums)) {
     return VerificationResult::kMismatch;
   }
+  return VerificationResult::kVerifies;
+}
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < class_loader_chain_.size(); i++) {
-    const ClassLoaderInfo& info = class_loader_chain_[i];
-    const ClassLoaderInfo& expected_info = expected_context.class_loader_chain_[i];
-    if (info.type != expected_info.type) {
-      LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext type mismatch for position " << i
-          << ". expected=" << GetClassLoaderTypeName(expected_info.type)
-          << ", found=" << GetClassLoaderTypeName(info.type)
+bool ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfoMatch(
+    const ClassLoaderInfo& info,
+    const ClassLoaderInfo& expected_info,
+    const std::string& context_spec,
+    bool verify_names,
+    bool verify_checksums) const {
+  if (info.type != expected_info.type) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext type mismatch"
+        << ". expected=" << GetClassLoaderTypeName(expected_info.type)
+        << ", found=" << GetClassLoaderTypeName(info.type)
+        << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (info.classpath.size() != expected_info.classpath.size()) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext classpath size mismatch"
+          << ". expected=" << expected_info.classpath.size()
+          << ", found=" << info.classpath.size()
           << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
-      return VerificationResult::kMismatch;
-    }
-    if (info.classpath.size() != expected_info.classpath.size()) {
-      LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext classpath size mismatch for position " << i
-            << ". expected=" << expected_info.classpath.size()
-            << ", found=" << info.classpath.size()
-            << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
-      return VerificationResult::kMismatch;
-    }
+    return false;
+  }
 
-    if (verify_checksums) {
-      DCHECK_EQ(info.classpath.size(), info.checksums.size());
-      DCHECK_EQ(expected_info.classpath.size(), expected_info.checksums.size());
-    }
+  if (verify_checksums) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(info.classpath.size(), info.checksums.size());
+    DCHECK_EQ(expected_info.classpath.size(), expected_info.checksums.size());
+  }
 
-    if (!verify_names) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
+  if (verify_names) {
     for (size_t k = 0; k < info.classpath.size(); k++) {
       // Compute the dex location that must be compared.
       // We shouldn't do a naive comparison `info.classpath[k] == expected_info.classpath[k]`
@@ -778,34 +992,58 @@
 
       // Compare the locations.
       if (dex_name != expected_dex_name) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext classpath element mismatch for position " << i
+        LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext classpath element mismatch"
             << ". expected=" << expected_info.classpath[k]
             << ", found=" << info.classpath[k]
             << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
-        return VerificationResult::kMismatch;
+        return false;
       }
 
       // Compare the checksums.
       if (info.checksums[k] != expected_info.checksums[k]) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext classpath element checksum mismatch for position " << i
+        LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext classpath element checksum mismatch"
                      << ". expected=" << expected_info.checksums[k]
                      << ", found=" << info.checksums[k]
                      << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
-        return VerificationResult::kMismatch;
+        return false;
       }
     }
   }
-  return VerificationResult::kVerifies;
-}
 
-jclass ClassLoaderContext::GetClassLoaderClass(ClassLoaderType type) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case kPathClassLoader: return WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader;
-    case kDelegateLastClassLoader: return WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DelegateLastClassLoader;
-    case kInvalidClassLoader: break;  // will fail after the switch.
+  if (info.shared_libraries.size() != expected_info.shared_libraries.size()) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext shared library size mismatch. "
+          << "Expected=" << expected_info.classpath.size()
+          << ", found=" << info.classpath.size()
+          << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
+    return false;
   }
-  LOG(FATAL) << "Invalid class loader type " << type;
-  UNREACHABLE();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < info.shared_libraries.size(); ++i) {
+    if (!ClassLoaderInfoMatch(*info.shared_libraries[i].get(),
+                              *expected_info.shared_libraries[i].get(),
+                              context_spec,
+                              verify_names,
+                              verify_checksums)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  if (info.parent.get() == nullptr) {
+    if (expected_info.parent.get() != nullptr) {
+      LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext parent mismatch. "
+            << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  } else if (expected_info.parent.get() == nullptr) {
+    LOG(WARNING) << "ClassLoaderContext parent mismatch. "
+          << " (" << context_spec << " | " << EncodeContextForOatFile("") << ")";
+    return false;
+  } else {
+    return ClassLoaderInfoMatch(*info.parent.get(),
+                                *expected_info.parent.get(),
+                                context_spec,
+                                verify_names,
+                                verify_checksums);
+  }
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/class_loader_context.h b/runtime/class_loader_context.h
index a4268aa..37cef81 100644
--- a/runtime/class_loader_context.h
+++ b/runtime/class_loader_context.h
@@ -154,10 +154,11 @@
   // This will return a context with a single and empty PathClassLoader.
   static std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> Default();
 
- private:
   struct ClassLoaderInfo {
     // The type of this class loader.
     ClassLoaderType type;
+    // Shared libraries this context has.
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo>> shared_libraries;
     // The list of class path elements that this loader loads.
     // Note that this list may contain relative paths.
     std::vector<std::string> classpath;
@@ -171,13 +172,35 @@
     // After OpenDexFiles, in case some of the dex files were opened from their oat files
     // this holds the list of opened oat files.
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OatFile>> opened_oat_files;
+    // The parent class loader.
+    std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> parent;
 
     explicit ClassLoaderInfo(ClassLoaderType cl_type) : type(cl_type) {}
   };
 
+ private:
   // Creates an empty context (with no class loaders).
   ClassLoaderContext();
 
+  // Get the parent of the class loader chain at depth `index`.
+  ClassLoaderInfo* GetParent(size_t index) const {
+    ClassLoaderInfo* result = class_loader_chain_.get();
+    while ((result != nullptr) && (index-- != 0)) {
+      result = result->parent.get();
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  size_t GetParentChainSize() const {
+    size_t result = 0;
+    ClassLoaderInfo* info = class_loader_chain_.get();
+    while (info != nullptr) {
+      ++result;
+      info = info->parent.get();
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
   // Constructs an empty context.
   // `owns_the_dex_files` specifies whether or not the context will own the opened dex files
   // present in the class loader chain. If `owns_the_dex_files` is true then OpenDexFiles cannot
@@ -188,13 +211,13 @@
   // Reads the class loader spec in place and returns true if the spec is valid and the
   // compilation context was constructed.
   bool Parse(const std::string& spec, bool parse_checksums = false);
+  ClassLoaderInfo* ParseInternal(const std::string& spec, bool parse_checksums);
 
-  // Attempts to parse a single class loader spec for the given class_loader_type.
-  // If successful the class loader spec will be added to the chain.
-  // Returns whether or not the operation was successful.
-  bool ParseClassLoaderSpec(const std::string& class_loader_spec,
-                            ClassLoaderType class_loader_type,
-                            bool parse_checksums = false);
+  // Attempts to parse a single class loader spec.
+  // Returns the ClassLoaderInfo abstraction for this spec, or null if it cannot be parsed.
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> ParseClassLoaderSpec(
+      const std::string& class_loader_spec,
+      bool parse_checksums = false);
 
   // CHECKs that the dex files were opened (OpenDexFiles was called and set dex_files_open_result_
   // to true). Aborts if not. The `calling_method` is used in the log message to identify the source
@@ -219,6 +242,20 @@
                             bool for_dex2oat,
                             ClassLoaderContext* stored_context) const;
 
+  // Internal version of `EncodeContext`, which will be called recursively
+  // on the parent and shared libraries.
+  void EncodeContextInternal(const ClassLoaderInfo& info,
+                             const std::string& base_dir,
+                             bool for_dex2oat,
+                             ClassLoaderInfo* stored_info,
+                             std::ostringstream& out) const;
+
+  bool ClassLoaderInfoMatch(const ClassLoaderInfo& info,
+                            const ClassLoaderInfo& expected_info,
+                            const std::string& context_spec,
+                            bool verify_names,
+                            bool verify_checksums) const;
+
   // Extracts the class loader type from the given spec.
   // Return ClassLoaderContext::kInvalidClassLoader if the class loader type is not
   // recognized.
@@ -228,13 +265,8 @@
   // The returned format can be used when parsing a context spec.
   static const char* GetClassLoaderTypeName(ClassLoaderType type);
 
-  // Returns the WellKnownClass for the given class loader type.
-  static jclass GetClassLoaderClass(ClassLoaderType type);
-
-  // The class loader chain represented as a vector.
-  // The parent of class_loader_chain_[i] is class_loader_chain_[i++].
-  // The parent of the last element is assumed to be the boot class loader.
-  std::vector<ClassLoaderInfo> class_loader_chain_;
+  // The class loader chain.
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderInfo> class_loader_chain_;
 
   // Whether or not the class loader context should be ignored at runtime when loading the oat
   // files. When true, dex2oat will use OatFile::kSpecialSharedLibrary as the classpath key in
diff --git a/runtime/class_loader_context_test.cc b/runtime/class_loader_context_test.cc
index ea624f1..cb3dc65 100644
--- a/runtime/class_loader_context_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_loader_context_test.cc
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
  public:
   void VerifyContextSize(ClassLoaderContext* context, size_t expected_size) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(context != nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(expected_size, context->class_loader_chain_.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(expected_size, context->GetParentChainSize());
   }
 
   void VerifyClassLoaderPCL(ClassLoaderContext* context,
@@ -57,6 +57,33 @@
         context, index, ClassLoaderContext::kDelegateLastClassLoader, classpath);
   }
 
+  void VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryPCL(ClassLoaderContext* context,
+                                         size_t loader_index,
+                                         size_t shared_library_index,
+                                         const std::string& classpath) {
+    VerifyClassLoaderInfoSL(
+        context, loader_index, shared_library_index, ClassLoaderContext::kPathClassLoader,
+        classpath);
+  }
+
+  void VerifySharedLibrariesSize(ClassLoaderContext* context,
+                                 size_t loader_index,
+                                 size_t expected_size) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(context != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_GT(context->GetParentChainSize(), loader_index);
+    const ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info = *context->GetParent(loader_index);
+    ASSERT_EQ(info.shared_libraries.size(), expected_size);
+  }
+
+  void VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryDLC(ClassLoaderContext* context,
+                                         size_t loader_index,
+                                         size_t shared_library_index,
+                                         const std::string& classpath) {
+    VerifyClassLoaderInfoSL(
+        context, loader_index, shared_library_index, ClassLoaderContext::kDelegateLastClassLoader,
+        classpath);
+  }
+
   void VerifyClassLoaderPCLFromTestDex(ClassLoaderContext* context,
                                        size_t index,
                                        const std::string& test_name) {
@@ -91,7 +118,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(context != nullptr);
     ASSERT_TRUE(context->dex_files_open_attempted_);
     ASSERT_TRUE(context->dex_files_open_result_);
-    ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info = context->class_loader_chain_[index];
+    ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info = *context->GetParent(index);
     ASSERT_EQ(all_dex_files->size(), info.classpath.size());
     ASSERT_EQ(all_dex_files->size(), info.opened_dex_files.size());
     size_t cur_open_dex_index = 0;
@@ -168,14 +195,31 @@
                              ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderType type,
                              const std::string& classpath) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(context != nullptr);
-    ASSERT_GT(context->class_loader_chain_.size(), index);
-    ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info = context->class_loader_chain_[index];
+    ASSERT_GT(context->GetParentChainSize(), index);
+    ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info = *context->GetParent(index);
     ASSERT_EQ(type, info.type);
     std::vector<std::string> expected_classpath;
     Split(classpath, ':', &expected_classpath);
     ASSERT_EQ(expected_classpath, info.classpath);
   }
 
+  void VerifyClassLoaderInfoSL(ClassLoaderContext* context,
+                               size_t loader_index,
+                               size_t shared_library_index,
+                               ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderType type,
+                               const std::string& classpath) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(context != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_GT(context->GetParentChainSize(), loader_index);
+    const ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& info = *context->GetParent(loader_index);
+    ASSERT_GT(info.shared_libraries.size(), shared_library_index);
+    const ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderInfo& sl =
+        *info.shared_libraries[shared_library_index].get();
+    ASSERT_EQ(type, info.type);
+    std::vector<std::string> expected_classpath;
+    Split(classpath, ':', &expected_classpath);
+    ASSERT_EQ(expected_classpath, sl.classpath);
+  }
+
   void VerifyClassLoaderFromTestDex(ClassLoaderContext* context,
                                     size_t index,
                                     ClassLoaderContext::ClassLoaderType type,
@@ -223,6 +267,23 @@
   VerifyClassLoaderPCL(context.get(), 2, "e.dex");
 }
 
+TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, ParseSharedLibraries) {
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> context = ClassLoaderContext::Create(
+      "PCL[a.dex:b.dex]{PCL[s1.dex]#PCL[s2.dex:s3.dex]};DLC[c.dex:d.dex]{DLC[s4.dex]}");
+  VerifyContextSize(context.get(), 2);
+  VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryPCL(context.get(), 0, 0, "s1.dex");
+  VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryPCL(context.get(), 0, 1, "s2.dex:s3.dex");
+  VerifyClassLoaderDLC(context.get(), 1, "c.dex:d.dex");
+  VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryDLC(context.get(), 1, 0, "s4.dex");
+}
+
+TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, ParseEnclosingSharedLibraries) {
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> context = ClassLoaderContext::Create(
+      "PCL[a.dex:b.dex]{PCL[s1.dex]{PCL[s2.dex:s3.dex];PCL[s4.dex]}}");
+  VerifyContextSize(context.get(), 1);
+  VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryPCL(context.get(), 0, 0, "s1.dex");
+}
+
 TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, ParseValidEmptyContextDLC) {
   std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> context =
       ClassLoaderContext::Create("DLC[]");
@@ -230,6 +291,13 @@
   VerifyClassLoaderDLC(context.get(), 0, "");
 }
 
+TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, ParseValidEmptyContextSharedLibrary) {
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> context =
+      ClassLoaderContext::Create("DLC[]{}");
+  VerifyContextSize(context.get(), 1);
+  VerifySharedLibrariesSize(context.get(), 0, 0);
+}
+
 TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, ParseValidContextSpecialSymbol) {
   std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> context =
     ClassLoaderContext::Create(OatFile::kSpecialSharedLibrary);
@@ -243,6 +311,11 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("PCLa.dex]"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("PCL{a.dex}"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("PCL[a.dex];DLC[b.dex"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("PCL[a.dex]{ABC};DLC[b.dex"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("PCL[a.dex]{};DLC[b.dex"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("DLC[s4.dex]}"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("DLC[s4.dex]{"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(nullptr == ClassLoaderContext::Create("DLC{DLC[s4.dex]}"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, OpenInvalidDexFiles) {
@@ -662,6 +735,62 @@
             ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
 }
 
+TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, VerifyClassLoaderContextMatchWithSL) {
+  std::string context_spec =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]{PCL[d.dex*321];PCL[e.dex*654]#PCL[f.dex*098:g.dex*999]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  std::unique_ptr<ClassLoaderContext> context = ParseContextWithChecksums(context_spec);
+  // Pretend that we successfully open the dex files to pass the DCHECKS.
+  // (as it's much easier to test all the corner cases without relying on actual dex files).
+  PretendContextOpenedDexFiles(context.get());
+
+  VerifyContextSize(context.get(), 2);
+  VerifyClassLoaderPCL(context.get(), 0, "a.dex:b.dex");
+  VerifyClassLoaderDLC(context.get(), 1, "c.dex");
+  VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryPCL(context.get(), 0, 0, "d.dex");
+  VerifyClassLoaderSharedLibraryPCL(context.get(), 0, 1, "f.dex:g.dex");
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(context_spec),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kVerifies);
+
+  std::string wrong_class_loader_type =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]{DLC[d.dex*321];PCL[e.dex*654]#PCL[f.dex*098:g.dex*999]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(wrong_class_loader_type),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
+
+  std::string wrong_class_loader_order =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]{PCL[f.dex#098:g.dex#999}#PCL[d.dex*321];PCL[e.dex*654]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(wrong_class_loader_order),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
+
+  std::string wrong_classpath_order =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]{PCL[d.dex*321];PCL[e.dex*654]#PCL[g.dex*999:f.dex*098]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(wrong_classpath_order),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
+
+  std::string wrong_checksum =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]{PCL[d.dex*333];PCL[e.dex*654]#PCL[g.dex*999:f.dex*098]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(wrong_checksum),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
+
+  std::string wrong_extra_class_loader =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]"
+      "{PCL[d.dex*321];PCL[e.dex*654]#PCL[f.dex*098:g.dex*999];PCL[i.dex#444]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(wrong_extra_class_loader),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
+
+  std::string wrong_extra_classpath =
+      "PCL[a.dex*123:b.dex*456]{PCL[d.dex*321:i.dex#444];PCL[e.dex*654]#PCL[f.dex*098:g.dex*999]}"
+      ";DLC[c.dex*890]";
+  ASSERT_EQ(context->VerifyClassLoaderContextMatch(wrong_extra_classpath),
+            ClassLoaderContext::VerificationResult::kMismatch);
+}
+
 TEST_F(ClassLoaderContextTest, VerifyClassLoaderContextMatchAfterEncoding) {
   jobject class_loader_a = LoadDexInPathClassLoader("ForClassLoaderA", nullptr);
   jobject class_loader_b = LoadDexInDelegateLastClassLoader("ForClassLoaderB", class_loader_a);
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
index 96a2cea..b46abfb 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
@@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@
           for (GcRoot<mirror::String>& root : strings) {
             root = GcRoot<mirror::String>(fixup_adapter(root.Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>()));
           }
-        });
+        }, /*is_boot_image=*/ false);
       }
     }
     if (VLOG_IS_ON(image)) {
diff --git a/runtime/handle.h b/runtime/handle.h
index 18e503d..b13c43e 100644
--- a/runtime/handle.h
+++ b/runtime/handle.h
@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@
     return down_cast<T*>(reference_->AsMirrorPtr());
   }
 
-  ALWAYS_INLINE bool IsNull() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return Get() == nullptr;
+  ALWAYS_INLINE bool IsNull() const {
+    // It's safe to null-check it without a read barrier.
+    return reference_->IsNull();
   }
 
   ALWAYS_INLINE jobject ToJObject() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table-inl.h b/runtime/intern_table-inl.h
index 84754fa..6fc53e9 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/intern_table-inl.h
@@ -29,14 +29,17 @@
                                                 const Visitor& visitor) {
   DCHECK(image_space != nullptr);
   // Only add if we have the interned strings section.
-  const ImageSection& section = image_space->GetImageHeader().GetInternedStringsSection();
+  const ImageHeader& header = image_space->GetImageHeader();
+  const ImageSection& section = header.GetInternedStringsSection();
   if (section.Size() > 0) {
-    AddTableFromMemory(image_space->Begin() + section.Offset(), visitor);
+    AddTableFromMemory(image_space->Begin() + section.Offset(), visitor, !header.IsAppImage());
   }
 }
 
 template <typename Visitor>
-inline size_t InternTable::AddTableFromMemory(const uint8_t* ptr, const Visitor& visitor) {
+inline size_t InternTable::AddTableFromMemory(const uint8_t* ptr,
+                                              const Visitor& visitor,
+                                              bool is_boot_image) {
   size_t read_count = 0;
   UnorderedSet set(ptr, /*make copy*/false, &read_count);
   {
@@ -46,13 +49,14 @@
     // Visit the unordered set, may remove elements.
     visitor(set);
     if (!set.empty()) {
-      strong_interns_.AddInternStrings(std::move(set));
+      strong_interns_.AddInternStrings(std::move(set), is_boot_image);
     }
   }
   return read_count;
 }
 
-inline void InternTable::Table::AddInternStrings(UnorderedSet&& intern_strings) {
+inline void InternTable::Table::AddInternStrings(UnorderedSet&& intern_strings,
+                                                 bool is_boot_image) {
   static constexpr bool kCheckDuplicates = kIsDebugBuild;
   if (kCheckDuplicates) {
     // Avoid doing read barriers since the space might not yet be added to the heap.
@@ -64,7 +68,50 @@
     }
   }
   // Insert at the front since we add new interns into the back.
-  tables_.insert(tables_.begin(), std::move(intern_strings));
+  tables_.insert(tables_.begin(),
+                 InternalTable(std::move(intern_strings), is_boot_image));
+}
+
+template <typename Visitor>
+inline void InternTable::VisitInterns(const Visitor& visitor,
+                                      bool visit_boot_images,
+                                      bool visit_non_boot_images) {
+  auto visit_tables = [&](std::vector<Table::InternalTable>& tables)
+      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    for (Table::InternalTable& table : tables) {
+      // Determine if we want to visit the table based on the flags..
+      const bool visit =
+          (visit_boot_images && table.IsBootImage()) ||
+          (visit_non_boot_images && !table.IsBootImage());
+      if (visit) {
+        for (auto& intern : table.set_) {
+          visitor(intern);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  visit_tables(strong_interns_.tables_);
+  visit_tables(weak_interns_.tables_);
+}
+
+inline size_t InternTable::CountInterns(bool visit_boot_images,
+                                        bool visit_non_boot_images) const {
+  size_t ret = 0u;
+  auto visit_tables = [&](const std::vector<Table::InternalTable>& tables)
+      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    for (const Table::InternalTable& table : tables) {
+      // Determine if we want to visit the table based on the flags..
+      const bool visit =
+          (visit_boot_images && table.IsBootImage()) ||
+          (visit_non_boot_images && !table.IsBootImage());
+      if (visit) {
+        ret += table.set_.size();
+      }
+    }
+  };
+  visit_tables(strong_interns_.tables_);
+  visit_tables(weak_interns_.tables_);
+  return ret;
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table.cc b/runtime/intern_table.cc
index 2449121..9ac9927 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/intern_table.cc
@@ -351,22 +351,22 @@
   UnorderedSet combined;
   if (tables_.size() > 1) {
     table_to_write = &combined;
-    for (UnorderedSet& table : tables_) {
-      for (GcRoot<mirror::String>& string : table) {
+    for (InternalTable& table : tables_) {
+      for (GcRoot<mirror::String>& string : table.set_) {
         combined.insert(string);
       }
     }
   } else {
-    table_to_write = &tables_.back();
+    table_to_write = &tables_.back().set_;
   }
   return table_to_write->WriteToMemory(ptr);
 }
 
 void InternTable::Table::Remove(ObjPtr<mirror::String> s) {
-  for (UnorderedSet& table : tables_) {
-    auto it = table.find(GcRoot<mirror::String>(s));
-    if (it != table.end()) {
-      table.erase(it);
+  for (InternalTable& table : tables_) {
+    auto it = table.set_.find(GcRoot<mirror::String>(s));
+    if (it != table.set_.end()) {
+      table.set_.erase(it);
       return;
     }
   }
@@ -375,9 +375,9 @@
 
 ObjPtr<mirror::String> InternTable::Table::Find(ObjPtr<mirror::String> s) {
   Locks::intern_table_lock_->AssertHeld(Thread::Current());
-  for (UnorderedSet& table : tables_) {
-    auto it = table.find(GcRoot<mirror::String>(s));
-    if (it != table.end()) {
+  for (InternalTable& table : tables_) {
+    auto it = table.set_.find(GcRoot<mirror::String>(s));
+    if (it != table.set_.end()) {
       return it->Read();
     }
   }
@@ -386,9 +386,9 @@
 
 ObjPtr<mirror::String> InternTable::Table::Find(const Utf8String& string) {
   Locks::intern_table_lock_->AssertHeld(Thread::Current());
-  for (UnorderedSet& table : tables_) {
-    auto it = table.find(string);
-    if (it != table.end()) {
+  for (InternalTable& table : tables_) {
+    auto it = table.set_.find(string);
+    if (it != table.set_.end()) {
       return it->Read();
     }
   }
@@ -396,29 +396,29 @@
 }
 
 void InternTable::Table::AddNewTable() {
-  tables_.push_back(UnorderedSet());
+  tables_.push_back(InternalTable());
 }
 
 void InternTable::Table::Insert(ObjPtr<mirror::String> s) {
   // Always insert the last table, the image tables are before and we avoid inserting into these
   // to prevent dirty pages.
   DCHECK(!tables_.empty());
-  tables_.back().insert(GcRoot<mirror::String>(s));
+  tables_.back().set_.insert(GcRoot<mirror::String>(s));
 }
 
 void InternTable::Table::VisitRoots(RootVisitor* visitor) {
   BufferedRootVisitor<kDefaultBufferedRootCount> buffered_visitor(
       visitor, RootInfo(kRootInternedString));
-  for (UnorderedSet& table : tables_) {
-    for (auto& intern : table) {
+  for (InternalTable& table : tables_) {
+    for (auto& intern : table.set_) {
       buffered_visitor.VisitRoot(intern);
     }
   }
 }
 
 void InternTable::Table::SweepWeaks(IsMarkedVisitor* visitor) {
-  for (UnorderedSet& table : tables_) {
-    SweepWeaks(&table, visitor);
+  for (InternalTable& table : tables_) {
+    SweepWeaks(&table.set_, visitor);
   }
 }
 
@@ -440,8 +440,8 @@
   return std::accumulate(tables_.begin(),
                          tables_.end(),
                          0U,
-                         [](size_t sum, const UnorderedSet& set) {
-                           return sum + set.size();
+                         [](size_t sum, const InternalTable& table) {
+                           return sum + table.Size();
                          });
 }
 
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@
 
 InternTable::Table::Table() {
   Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
-  // Initial table.
-  tables_.push_back(UnorderedSet());
-  tables_.back().SetLoadFactor(runtime->GetHashTableMinLoadFactor(),
-                               runtime->GetHashTableMaxLoadFactor());
+  InternalTable initial_table;
+  initial_table.set_.SetLoadFactor(runtime->GetHashTableMinLoadFactor(),
+                                   runtime->GetHashTableMaxLoadFactor());
+  tables_.push_back(std::move(initial_table));
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table.h b/runtime/intern_table.h
index e918a45..165d56c 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table.h
+++ b/runtime/intern_table.h
@@ -167,6 +167,17 @@
   void VisitRoots(RootVisitor* visitor, VisitRootFlags flags)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_);
 
+  // Visit all of the interns in the table.
+  template <typename Visitor>
+  void VisitInterns(const Visitor& visitor,
+                    bool visit_boot_images,
+                    bool visit_non_boot_images)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+
+  // Count the number of intern strings in the table.
+  size_t CountInterns(bool visit_boot_images, bool visit_non_boot_images) const
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+
   void DumpForSigQuit(std::ostream& os) const REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_);
 
   void BroadcastForNewInterns();
@@ -198,6 +209,33 @@
   // weak interns and strong interns.
   class Table {
    public:
+    class InternalTable {
+     public:
+      InternalTable() = default;
+      InternalTable(UnorderedSet&& set, bool is_boot_image)
+          : set_(std::move(set)), is_boot_image_(is_boot_image) {}
+
+      bool Empty() const {
+        return set_.empty();
+      }
+
+      size_t Size() const {
+        return set_.size();
+      }
+
+      bool IsBootImage() const {
+        return is_boot_image_;
+      }
+
+     private:
+      UnorderedSet set_;
+      bool is_boot_image_ = false;
+
+      friend class InternTable;
+      friend class Table;
+      ART_FRIEND_TEST(InternTableTest, CrossHash);
+    };
+
     Table();
     ObjPtr<mirror::String> Find(ObjPtr<mirror::String> s) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
         REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
@@ -219,7 +257,7 @@
     // debug builds. Returns how many bytes were read.
     // NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS for the visitor that may require locks.
     template <typename Visitor>
-    size_t AddTableFromMemory(const uint8_t* ptr, const Visitor& visitor)
+    size_t AddTableFromMemory(const uint8_t* ptr, const Visitor& visitor, bool is_boot_image)
         REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
     // Write the intern tables to ptr, if there are multiple tables they are combined into a single
     // one. Returns how many bytes were written.
@@ -231,12 +269,12 @@
         REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
 
     // Add a table to the front of the tables vector.
-    void AddInternStrings(UnorderedSet&& intern_strings)
+    void AddInternStrings(UnorderedSet&& intern_strings, bool is_boot_image)
         REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
     // We call AddNewTable when we create the zygote to reduce private dirty pages caused by
     // modifying the zygote intern table. The back of table is modified when strings are interned.
-    std::vector<UnorderedSet> tables_;
+    std::vector<InternalTable> tables_;
 
     friend class InternTable;
     friend class linker::ImageWriter;
@@ -251,7 +289,7 @@
 
   // Add a table from memory to the strong interns.
   template <typename Visitor>
-  size_t AddTableFromMemory(const uint8_t* ptr, const Visitor& visitor)
+  size_t AddTableFromMemory(const uint8_t* ptr, const Visitor& visitor, bool is_boot_image)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   ObjPtr<mirror::String> InsertStrong(ObjPtr<mirror::String> s)
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table_test.cc b/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
index b3bf1ba..b64ca7d 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@
   GcRoot<mirror::String> str(mirror::String::AllocFromModifiedUtf8(soa.Self(), "00000000"));
 
   MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
-  for (InternTable::UnorderedSet& table : t.strong_interns_.tables_) {
+  for (InternTable::Table::InternalTable& table : t.strong_interns_.tables_) {
     // The negative hash value shall be 32-bit wide on every host.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(IsUint<32>(table.hashfn_(str)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(IsUint<32>(table.set_.hashfn_(str)));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.cc b/runtime/mirror/class.cc
index e655052..e33e407 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.cc
@@ -630,9 +630,14 @@
   // If we do not have a dex_cache match, try to find the declared method in this class now.
   if (this_dex_cache != dex_cache && !GetDeclaredMethodsSlice(pointer_size).empty()) {
     DCHECK(name.empty());
-    name = dex_file.StringDataByIdx(method_id.name_idx_);
+    // Avoid string comparisons by comparing the respective unicode lengths first.
+    uint32_t length, other_length;  // UTF16 length.
+    name = dex_file.GetMethodName(method_id, &length);
     for (ArtMethod& method : GetDeclaredMethodsSlice(pointer_size)) {
-      if (method.GetName() == name && method.GetSignature() == signature) {
+      DCHECK_NE(method.GetDexMethodIndex(), dex::kDexNoIndex);
+      const char* other_name = method.GetDexFile()->GetMethodName(
+          method.GetDexMethodIndex(), &other_length);
+      if (length == other_length && name == other_name && signature == method.GetSignature()) {
         return &method;
       }
     }
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
index 0d7160e..32b88e6 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
@@ -76,10 +76,6 @@
 static void VMRuntime_disableJitCompilation(JNIEnv*, jobject) {
 }
 
-static jboolean VMRuntime_hasUsedHiddenApi(JNIEnv*, jobject) {
-  return Runtime::Current()->HasPendingHiddenApiWarning() ? JNI_TRUE : JNI_FALSE;
-}
-
 static void VMRuntime_setHiddenApiExemptions(JNIEnv* env,
                                             jclass,
                                             jobjectArray exemptions) {
@@ -697,7 +693,6 @@
   NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, concurrentGC, "()V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, disableJitCompilation, "()V"),
   FAST_NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, hasBootImageSpaces, "()Z"),  // Could be CRITICAL.
-  NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, hasUsedHiddenApi, "()Z"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, setHiddenApiExemptions, "([Ljava/lang/String;)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, setHiddenApiAccessLogSamplingRate, "(I)V"),
   NATIVE_METHOD(VMRuntime, getTargetHeapUtilization, "()F"),
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.cc b/runtime/oat_file.cc
index 7c320d8..af87637 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.cc
@@ -1039,11 +1039,8 @@
     }
 #ifdef ART_TARGET_ANDROID
     android_dlextinfo extinfo = {};
-    extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_FORCE_LOAD |                  // Force-load, don't reuse handle
-                                                                //   (open oat files multiple
-                                                                //    times).
-                    ANDROID_DLEXT_FORCE_FIXED_VADDR;            // Take a non-zero vaddr as absolute
-                                                                //   (non-pic boot image).
+    extinfo.flags = ANDROID_DLEXT_FORCE_LOAD;   // Force-load, don't reuse handle
+                                                //   (open oat files multiple times).
     if (reservation != nullptr) {
       if (!reservation->IsValid()) {
         *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid reservation for %s", elf_filename.c_str());
diff --git a/test/050-sync-test/src/Main.java b/test/050-sync-test/src/Main.java
index 734b51e..ba37818 100644
--- a/test/050-sync-test/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/050-sync-test/src/Main.java
@@ -133,11 +133,13 @@
 class SleepyThread extends Thread {
     private SleepyThread mOther;
     private Integer[] mWaitOnMe;      // any type of object will do
+    private volatile boolean otherDone;
 
     private static int count = 0;
 
     SleepyThread(SleepyThread other) {
         mOther = other;
+        otherDone = false;
         mWaitOnMe = new Integer[] { 1, 2 };
 
         setName("thread#" + count);
@@ -158,9 +160,11 @@
             boolean intr = false;
 
             try {
+              do {
                 synchronized (mWaitOnMe) {
                     mWaitOnMe.wait(9000);
                 }
+              } while (!otherDone);
             } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
                 // Expecting this; interrupted should be false.
                 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
@@ -182,6 +186,7 @@
             System.out.println("interrupting other (isAlive="
                 + mOther.isAlive() + ")");
             mOther.interrupt();
+            mOther.otherDone = true;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/test/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/ClassToInitialize.smali b/test/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/ClassToInitialize.smali
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d12ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/ClassToInitialize.smali
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+.class public LClassToInitialize;
+.super Ljava/lang/Object;
+
+.method public static constructor <clinit>()V
+  .registers 0
+  invoke-static {}, LVerifySoftFail;->empty()V
+  return-void
+.end method
diff --git a/test/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/VerifySoftFail.smali b/test/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/VerifySoftFail.smali
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0f4946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/VerifySoftFailDuringClinit/VerifySoftFail.smali
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+.class public LVerifySoftFail;
+.super Ljava/lang/Object;
+
+.method public static empty()V
+  .registers 0
+  return-void
+.end method
+
+.method public static softFail()V
+  .registers 0
+  invoke-static {}, LMissingClass;->test()V
+  return-void
+.end method
diff --git a/test/knownfailures.json b/test/knownfailures.json
index 7b40160..f0eacfa 100644
--- a/test/knownfailures.json
+++ b/test/knownfailures.json
@@ -1110,11 +1110,5 @@
         "tests": ["454-get-vreg", "457-regs"],
         "variant": "baseline",
         "description": ["Tests are expected to fail with baseline."]
-    },
-    {
-        "tests": ["050-sync-test"],
-        "variant": "target & gcstress & debug",
-        "bug": "b/117597114",
-        "description": ["Looks timing dependent"]
     }
 ]