runtime/gc/collector/semi_space.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "semi_space-inl.h"

#include <climits>
#include <functional>
#include <numeric>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>

#include "base/logging.h"  // For VLOG.
#include "base/macros.h"
#include "base/mutex-inl.h"
#include "base/timing_logger.h"
#include "gc/accounting/heap_bitmap-inl.h"
#include "gc/accounting/mod_union_table.h"
#include "gc/accounting/remembered_set.h"
#include "gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h"
#include "gc/heap.h"
#include "gc/reference_processor.h"
#include "gc/space/bump_pointer_space-inl.h"
#include "gc/space/bump_pointer_space.h"
#include "gc/space/image_space.h"
#include "gc/space/large_object_space.h"
#include "gc/space/space-inl.h"
#include "indirect_reference_table.h"
#include "intern_table.h"
#include "jni/jni_internal.h"
#include "mark_sweep-inl.h"
#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
#include "mirror/object-refvisitor-inl.h"
#include "mirror/reference-inl.h"
#include "monitor.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "thread-inl.h"
#include "thread_list.h"
#include "write_barrier-inl.h"

using ::art::mirror::Object;

namespace art {
namespace gc {
namespace collector {

static constexpr bool kProtectFromSpace = true;
static constexpr bool kStoreStackTraces = false;

void SemiSpace::BindBitmaps() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  WriterMutexLock mu(self_, *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
  // Mark all of the spaces we never collect as immune.
  for (const auto& space : GetHeap()->GetContinuousSpaces()) {
    if (space->GetGcRetentionPolicy() == space::kGcRetentionPolicyNeverCollect ||
        space->GetGcRetentionPolicy() == space::kGcRetentionPolicyFullCollect) {
      immune_spaces_.AddSpace(space);
    } else if (space->GetLiveBitmap() != nullptr) {
      // TODO: We can probably also add this space to the immune region.
      if (space == to_space_) {
        CHECK(space->IsContinuousMemMapAllocSpace());
        space->AsContinuousMemMapAllocSpace()->BindLiveToMarkBitmap();
      }
    }
  }
}

SemiSpace::SemiSpace(Heap* heap, const std::string& name_prefix)
    : GarbageCollector(heap,
                       name_prefix + (name_prefix.empty() ? "" : " ") + "semispace"),
      mark_stack_(nullptr),
      to_space_(nullptr),
      to_space_live_bitmap_(nullptr),
      from_space_(nullptr),
      mark_bitmap_(nullptr),
      self_(nullptr),
      fallback_space_(nullptr),
      bytes_moved_(0U),
      objects_moved_(0U),
      saved_bytes_(0U),
      collector_name_(name_),
      swap_semi_spaces_(true) {
}

void SemiSpace::RunPhases() {
  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
  InitializePhase();
  // Semi-space collector is special since it is sometimes called with the mutators suspended
  // during the zygote creation and collector transitions. If we already exclusively hold the
  // mutator lock, then we can't lock it again since it will cause a deadlock.
  if (Locks::mutator_lock_->IsExclusiveHeld(self)) {
    GetHeap()->PreGcVerificationPaused(this);
    GetHeap()->PrePauseRosAllocVerification(this);
    MarkingPhase();
    ReclaimPhase();
    GetHeap()->PostGcVerificationPaused(this);
  } else {
    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertNotHeld(self);
    {
      ScopedPause pause(this);
      GetHeap()->PreGcVerificationPaused(this);
      GetHeap()->PrePauseRosAllocVerification(this);
      MarkingPhase();
    }
    {
      ReaderMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::mutator_lock_);
      ReclaimPhase();
    }
    GetHeap()->PostGcVerification(this);
  }
  FinishPhase();
}

void SemiSpace::InitializePhase() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  mark_stack_ = heap_->GetMarkStack();
  DCHECK(mark_stack_ != nullptr);
  immune_spaces_.Reset();
  saved_bytes_ = 0;
  bytes_moved_ = 0;
  objects_moved_ = 0;
  self_ = Thread::Current();
  CHECK(from_space_->CanMoveObjects()) << "Attempting to move from " << *from_space_;
  // Set the initial bitmap.
  to_space_live_bitmap_ = to_space_->GetLiveBitmap();
  {
    // TODO: I don't think we should need heap bitmap lock to Get the mark bitmap.
    ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
    mark_bitmap_ = heap_->GetMarkBitmap();
  }
  fallback_space_ = GetHeap()->GetNonMovingSpace();
}

void SemiSpace::ProcessReferences(Thread* self) {
  WriterMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
  ReferenceProcessor* rp = GetHeap()->GetReferenceProcessor();
  rp->Setup(self, this, /*concurrent=*/false, GetCurrentIteration()->GetClearSoftReferences());
  rp->ProcessReferences(self, GetTimings());
}

void SemiSpace::MarkingPhase() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  CHECK(Locks::mutator_lock_->IsExclusiveHeld(self_));
  if (kStoreStackTraces) {
    Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(self_);
    // Store the stack traces into the runtime fault string in case we Get a heap corruption
    // related crash later.
    ThreadState old_state = self_->SetStateUnsafe(ThreadState::kRunnable);
    std::ostringstream oss;
    Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
    runtime->GetThreadList()->DumpForSigQuit(oss);
    runtime->GetThreadList()->DumpNativeStacks(oss);
    runtime->SetFaultMessage(oss.str());
    CHECK_EQ(self_->SetStateUnsafe(old_state), ThreadState::kRunnable);
  }
  // Revoke the thread local buffers since the GC may allocate into a RosAllocSpace and this helps
  // to prevent fragmentation.
  RevokeAllThreadLocalBuffers();

  // Always clear soft references.
  GetCurrentIteration()->SetClearSoftReferences(true);
  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(self_);
  // Assume the cleared space is already empty.
  BindBitmaps();
  // Process dirty cards and add dirty cards to mod-union tables.
  heap_->ProcessCards(GetTimings(), /*use_rem_sets=*/false, false, true);
  // Clear the whole card table since we cannot get any additional dirty cards during the
  // paused GC. This saves memory but only works for pause the world collectors.
  t.NewTiming("ClearCardTable");
  heap_->GetCardTable()->ClearCardTable();
  // Need to do this before the checkpoint since we don't want any threads to add references to
  // the live stack during the recursive mark.
  if (kUseThreadLocalAllocationStack) {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("RevokeAllThreadLocalAllocationStacks", GetTimings());
    heap_->RevokeAllThreadLocalAllocationStacks(self_);
  }
  heap_->SwapStacks();
  {
    WriterMutexLock mu(self_, *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
    MarkRoots();
    // Recursively mark remaining objects.
    MarkReachableObjects();
  }
  ProcessReferences(self_);
  {
    ReaderMutexLock mu(self_, *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
    SweepSystemWeaks();
  }
  Runtime::Current()->BroadcastForNewSystemWeaks();
  Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->CleanupClassLoaders();
  // Revoke buffers before measuring how many objects were moved since the TLABs need to be revoked
  // before they are properly counted.
  RevokeAllThreadLocalBuffers();
  GetHeap()->RecordFreeRevoke();  // This is for the non-moving rosalloc space.
  // Record freed memory.
  const int64_t from_bytes = from_space_->GetBytesAllocated();
  const int64_t to_bytes = bytes_moved_;
  const uint64_t from_objects = from_space_->GetObjectsAllocated();
  const uint64_t to_objects = objects_moved_;
  CHECK_LE(to_objects, from_objects);
  // Note: Freed bytes can be negative if we copy form a compacted space to a free-list backed
  // space.
  RecordFree(ObjectBytePair(from_objects - to_objects, from_bytes - to_bytes));
  // Clear and protect the from space.
  from_space_->Clear();
  // b/31172841. Temporarily disable the from-space protection with host debug build
  // due to some protection issue in the build server.
  if (kProtectFromSpace && !(kIsDebugBuild && !kIsTargetBuild)) {
    if (!from_space_->IsRosAllocSpace()) {
      // Protect with PROT_NONE.
      VLOG(heap) << "Protecting from_space_ : " << *from_space_;
      from_space_->GetMemMap()->Protect(PROT_NONE);
    } else {
      // If RosAllocSpace, we'll leave it as PROT_READ here so the
      // rosaloc verification can read the metadata magic number and
      // protect it with PROT_NONE later in FinishPhase().
      VLOG(heap) << "Protecting from_space_ with PROT_READ : " << *from_space_;
      from_space_->GetMemMap()->Protect(PROT_READ);
    }
  }
  heap_->PreSweepingGcVerification(this);
  if (swap_semi_spaces_) {
    heap_->SwapSemiSpaces();
  }
}

// Used to verify that there's no references to the from-space.
class SemiSpace::VerifyNoFromSpaceReferencesVisitor {
 public:
  explicit VerifyNoFromSpaceReferencesVisitor(space::ContinuousMemMapAllocSpace* from_space)
      : from_space_(from_space) {}

  void operator()(Object* obj, MemberOffset offset, bool /* is_static */) const
      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) ALWAYS_INLINE {
    mirror::Object* ref = obj->GetFieldObject<mirror::Object>(offset);
    if (from_space_->HasAddress(ref)) {
      LOG(FATAL) << ref << " found in from space";
    }
  }

  // TODO: Remove NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS when clang better understands visitors.
  void VisitRootIfNonNull(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    if (!root->IsNull()) {
      VisitRoot(root);
    }
  }

  void VisitRoot(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
      Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(Thread::Current());
      Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(Thread::Current());
    }
    CHECK(!from_space_->HasAddress(root->AsMirrorPtr()));
  }

 private:
  space::ContinuousMemMapAllocSpace* const from_space_;
};

void SemiSpace::VerifyNoFromSpaceReferences(Object* obj) {
  DCHECK(!from_space_->HasAddress(obj)) << "Scanning object " << obj << " in from space";
  VerifyNoFromSpaceReferencesVisitor visitor(from_space_);
  obj->VisitReferences(visitor, VoidFunctor());
}

void SemiSpace::MarkReachableObjects() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("MarkStackAsLive", GetTimings());
    accounting::ObjectStack* live_stack = heap_->GetLiveStack();
    heap_->MarkAllocStackAsLive(live_stack);
    live_stack->Reset();
  }
  for (auto& space : heap_->GetContinuousSpaces()) {
    // If the space is immune then we need to mark the references to other spaces.
    accounting::ModUnionTable* table = heap_->FindModUnionTableFromSpace(space);
    if (table != nullptr) {
      // TODO: Improve naming.
      TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2(
          space->IsZygoteSpace() ? "UpdateAndMarkZygoteModUnionTable" :
                                   "UpdateAndMarkImageModUnionTable",
                                   GetTimings());
      table->UpdateAndMarkReferences(this);
      DCHECK(GetHeap()->FindRememberedSetFromSpace(space) == nullptr);
    } else if (space->IsImageSpace() && space->GetLiveBitmap() != nullptr) {
      // If the space has no mod union table (the non-moving space, app image spaces, main spaces
      // when the bump pointer space only collection is enabled,) then we need to scan its live
      // bitmap or dirty cards as roots (including the objects on the live stack which have just
      // marked in the live bitmap above in MarkAllocStackAsLive().)
      accounting::RememberedSet* rem_set = GetHeap()->FindRememberedSetFromSpace(space);
      if (!space->IsImageSpace()) {
        DCHECK(space == heap_->GetNonMovingSpace() || space == heap_->GetPrimaryFreeListSpace())
            << "Space " << space->GetName();
        // App images currently do not have remembered sets.
      } else {
        DCHECK(rem_set == nullptr);
      }
      if (rem_set != nullptr) {
        TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("UpdateAndMarkRememberedSet", GetTimings());
        rem_set->UpdateAndMarkReferences(from_space_, this);
      } else {
        TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("VisitLiveBits", GetTimings());
        accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* live_bitmap = space->GetLiveBitmap();
        live_bitmap->VisitMarkedRange(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(space->Begin()),
                                      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(space->End()),
                                      [this](mirror::Object* obj)
           REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_) {
          ScanObject(obj);
        });
      }
      if (kIsDebugBuild) {
        // Verify that there are no from-space references that
        // remain in the space, that is, the remembered set (and the
        // card table) didn't miss any from-space references in the
        // space.
        accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* live_bitmap = space->GetLiveBitmap();
        live_bitmap->VisitMarkedRange(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(space->Begin()),
                                      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(space->End()),
                                      [this](Object* obj)
            REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_) {
          DCHECK(obj != nullptr);
          VerifyNoFromSpaceReferences(obj);
        });
      }
    }
  }
  // Recursively process the mark stack.
  ProcessMarkStack();
}

void SemiSpace::ReclaimPhase() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  WriterMutexLock mu(self_, *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
  // Reclaim unmarked objects.
  Sweep(false);
  // Swap the live and mark bitmaps for each space which we modified space. This is an
  // optimization that enables us to not clear live bits inside of the sweep. Only swaps unbound
  // bitmaps.
  SwapBitmaps();
  // Unbind the live and mark bitmaps.
  GetHeap()->UnBindBitmaps();
  if (saved_bytes_ > 0) {
    VLOG(heap) << "Avoided dirtying " << PrettySize(saved_bytes_);
  }
}

void SemiSpace::ResizeMarkStack(size_t new_size) {
  std::vector<StackReference<Object>> temp(mark_stack_->Begin(), mark_stack_->End());
  CHECK_LE(mark_stack_->Size(), new_size);
  mark_stack_->Resize(new_size);
  for (auto& obj : temp) {
    mark_stack_->PushBack(obj.AsMirrorPtr());
  }
}

inline void SemiSpace::MarkStackPush(Object* obj) {
  if (UNLIKELY(mark_stack_->Size() >= mark_stack_->Capacity())) {
    ResizeMarkStack(mark_stack_->Capacity() * 2);
  }
  // The object must be pushed on to the mark stack.
  mark_stack_->PushBack(obj);
}

static inline size_t CopyAvoidingDirtyingPages(void* dest, const void* src, size_t size) {
  if (LIKELY(size <= static_cast<size_t>(kPageSize))) {
    // We will dirty the current page and somewhere in the middle of the next page. This means
    // that the next object copied will also dirty that page.
    // TODO: Worth considering the last object copied? We may end up dirtying one page which is
    // not necessary per GC.
    memcpy(dest, src, size);
    return 0;
  }
  size_t saved_bytes = 0;
  uint8_t* byte_dest = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(dest);
  if (kIsDebugBuild) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
      CHECK_EQ(byte_dest[i], 0U);
    }
  }
  // Process the start of the page. The page must already be dirty, don't bother with checking.
  const uint8_t* byte_src = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(src);
  const uint8_t* limit = byte_src + size;
  size_t page_remain = AlignUp(byte_dest, kPageSize) - byte_dest;
  // Copy the bytes until the start of the next page.
  memcpy(dest, src, page_remain);
  byte_src += page_remain;
  byte_dest += page_remain;
  DCHECK_ALIGNED(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(byte_dest), kPageSize);
  DCHECK_ALIGNED(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(byte_dest), sizeof(uintptr_t));
  DCHECK_ALIGNED(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(byte_src), sizeof(uintptr_t));
  while (byte_src + kPageSize < limit) {
    bool all_zero = true;
    uintptr_t* word_dest = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t*>(byte_dest);
    const uintptr_t* word_src = reinterpret_cast<const uintptr_t*>(byte_src);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < kPageSize / sizeof(*word_src); ++i) {
      // Assumes the destination of the copy is all zeros.
      if (word_src[i] != 0) {
        all_zero = false;
        word_dest[i] = word_src[i];
      }
    }
    if (all_zero) {
      // Avoided copying into the page since it was all zeros.
      saved_bytes += kPageSize;
    }
    byte_src += kPageSize;
    byte_dest += kPageSize;
  }
  // Handle the part of the page at the end.
  memcpy(byte_dest, byte_src, limit - byte_src);
  return saved_bytes;
}

mirror::Object* SemiSpace::MarkNonForwardedObject(mirror::Object* obj) {
  const size_t object_size = obj->SizeOf();
  size_t bytes_allocated, unused_bytes_tl_bulk_allocated;
  // Copy it to the to-space.
  mirror::Object* forward_address = to_space_->AllocThreadUnsafe(
      self_, object_size, &bytes_allocated, nullptr, &unused_bytes_tl_bulk_allocated);

  if (forward_address != nullptr && to_space_live_bitmap_ != nullptr) {
    to_space_live_bitmap_->Set(forward_address);
  }
  // If it's still null, attempt to use the fallback space.
  if (UNLIKELY(forward_address == nullptr)) {
    forward_address = fallback_space_->AllocThreadUnsafe(
        self_, object_size, &bytes_allocated, nullptr, &unused_bytes_tl_bulk_allocated);
    CHECK(forward_address != nullptr) << "Out of memory in the to-space and fallback space.";
    accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* bitmap = fallback_space_->GetLiveBitmap();
    if (bitmap != nullptr) {
      bitmap->Set(forward_address);
    }
  }
  ++objects_moved_;
  bytes_moved_ += bytes_allocated;
  // Copy over the object and add it to the mark stack since we still need to update its
  // references.
  saved_bytes_ +=
      CopyAvoidingDirtyingPages(reinterpret_cast<void*>(forward_address), obj, object_size);
  if (kUseBakerReadBarrier) {
    obj->AssertReadBarrierState();
    forward_address->AssertReadBarrierState();
  }
  DCHECK(to_space_->HasAddress(forward_address) || fallback_space_->HasAddress(forward_address))
      << forward_address << "\n" << GetHeap()->DumpSpaces();
  return forward_address;
}

mirror::Object* SemiSpace::MarkObject(mirror::Object* root) {
  auto ref = StackReference<mirror::Object>::FromMirrorPtr(root);
  MarkObjectIfNotInToSpace(&ref);
  return ref.AsMirrorPtr();
}

void SemiSpace::MarkHeapReference(mirror::HeapReference<mirror::Object>* obj_ptr,
                                  [[maybe_unused]] bool do_atomic_update) {
  MarkObject(obj_ptr);
}

void SemiSpace::VisitRoots(mirror::Object*** roots,
                           size_t count,
                           [[maybe_unused]] const RootInfo& info) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
    auto* root = roots[i];
    auto ref = StackReference<mirror::Object>::FromMirrorPtr(*root);
    // The root can be in the to-space since we may visit the declaring class of an ArtMethod
    // multiple times if it is on the call stack.
    MarkObjectIfNotInToSpace(&ref);
    if (*root != ref.AsMirrorPtr()) {
      *root = ref.AsMirrorPtr();
    }
  }
}

void SemiSpace::VisitRoots(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>** roots,
                           size_t count,
                           [[maybe_unused]] const RootInfo& info) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
    MarkObjectIfNotInToSpace(roots[i]);
  }
}

// Marks all objects in the root set.
void SemiSpace::MarkRoots() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  Runtime::Current()->VisitRoots(this);
}

void SemiSpace::SweepSystemWeaks() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
  runtime->SweepSystemWeaks(this);
  runtime->GetThreadList()->SweepInterpreterCaches(this);
}

bool SemiSpace::ShouldSweepSpace(space::ContinuousSpace* space) const {
  return space != from_space_ && space != to_space_;
}

void SemiSpace::Sweep(bool swap_bitmaps) {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  DCHECK(mark_stack_->IsEmpty());
  for (const auto& space : GetHeap()->GetContinuousSpaces()) {
    if (space->IsContinuousMemMapAllocSpace()) {
      space::ContinuousMemMapAllocSpace* alloc_space = space->AsContinuousMemMapAllocSpace();
      if (!ShouldSweepSpace(alloc_space)) {
        continue;
      }
      TimingLogger::ScopedTiming split(
          alloc_space->IsZygoteSpace() ? "SweepZygoteSpace" : "SweepAllocSpace", GetTimings());
      RecordFree(alloc_space->Sweep(swap_bitmaps));
    }
  }
  SweepLargeObjects(swap_bitmaps);
}

void SemiSpace::SweepLargeObjects(bool swap_bitmaps) {
  space::LargeObjectSpace* los = heap_->GetLargeObjectsSpace();
  if (los != nullptr) {
    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming split("SweepLargeObjects", GetTimings());
    RecordFreeLOS(los->Sweep(swap_bitmaps));
  }
}

// Process the "referent" field in a java.lang.ref.Reference.  If the referent has not yet been
// marked, put it on the appropriate list in the heap for later processing.
void SemiSpace::DelayReferenceReferent(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass,
                                       ObjPtr<mirror::Reference> reference) {
  heap_->GetReferenceProcessor()->DelayReferenceReferent(klass, reference, this);
}

class SemiSpace::MarkObjectVisitor {
 public:
  explicit MarkObjectVisitor(SemiSpace* collector) : collector_(collector) {}

  void operator()(ObjPtr<Object> obj, MemberOffset offset, bool /* is_static */) const ALWAYS_INLINE
      REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_) {
    // Object was already verified when we scanned it.
    collector_->MarkObject(obj->GetFieldObjectReferenceAddr<kVerifyNone>(offset));
  }

  void operator()(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass, ObjPtr<mirror::Reference> ref) const
      REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_) {
    collector_->DelayReferenceReferent(klass, ref);
  }

  // TODO: Remove NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS when clang better understands visitors.
  void VisitRootIfNonNull(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    if (!root->IsNull()) {
      VisitRoot(root);
    }
  }

  void VisitRoot(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
      Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(Thread::Current());
      Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(Thread::Current());
    }
    // We may visit the same root multiple times, so avoid marking things in the to-space since
    // this is not handled by the GC.
    collector_->MarkObjectIfNotInToSpace(root);
  }

 private:
  SemiSpace* const collector_;
};

// Visit all of the references of an object and update.
void SemiSpace::ScanObject(Object* obj) {
  DCHECK(!from_space_->HasAddress(obj)) << "Scanning object " << obj << " in from space";
  MarkObjectVisitor visitor(this);
  // Turn off read barrier. ZygoteCompactingCollector doesn't use it (even in the CC build.)
  obj->VisitReferences</*kVisitNativeRoots=*/true, kDefaultVerifyFlags, kWithoutReadBarrier>(
      visitor, visitor);
}

// Scan anything that's on the mark stack.
void SemiSpace::ProcessMarkStack() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  while (!mark_stack_->IsEmpty()) {
    Object* obj = mark_stack_->PopBack();
    ScanObject(obj);
  }
}

mirror::Object* SemiSpace::IsMarked(mirror::Object* obj) {
  // All immune objects are assumed marked.
  if (from_space_->HasAddress(obj)) {
    // Returns either the forwarding address or null.
    return GetForwardingAddressInFromSpace(obj);
  } else if (immune_spaces_.IsInImmuneRegion(obj) || to_space_->HasAddress(obj)) {
    return obj;  // Already forwarded, must be marked.
  }
  return mark_bitmap_->Test(obj) ? obj : nullptr;
}

bool SemiSpace::IsNullOrMarkedHeapReference(mirror::HeapReference<mirror::Object>* object,
                                            // SemiSpace does the GC in a pause. No CAS needed.
                                            [[maybe_unused]] bool do_atomic_update) {
  mirror::Object* obj = object->AsMirrorPtr();
  if (obj == nullptr) {
    return true;
  }
  mirror::Object* new_obj = IsMarked(obj);
  if (new_obj == nullptr) {
    return false;
  }
  if (new_obj != obj) {
    // Write barrier is not necessary since it still points to the same object, just at a different
    // address.
    object->Assign(new_obj);
  }
  return true;
}

void SemiSpace::SetToSpace(space::ContinuousMemMapAllocSpace* to_space) {
  DCHECK(to_space != nullptr);
  to_space_ = to_space;
}

void SemiSpace::SetFromSpace(space::ContinuousMemMapAllocSpace* from_space) {
  DCHECK(from_space != nullptr);
  from_space_ = from_space;
}

void SemiSpace::FinishPhase() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  // b/31172841. Temporarily disable the from-space protection with host debug build
  // due to some protection issue in the build server.
  if (kProtectFromSpace && !(kIsDebugBuild && !kIsTargetBuild)) {
    if (from_space_->IsRosAllocSpace()) {
      VLOG(heap) << "Protecting from_space_ with PROT_NONE : " << *from_space_;
      from_space_->GetMemMap()->Protect(PROT_NONE);
    }
  }
  // Null the "to" and "from" spaces since compacting from one to the other isn't valid until
  // further action is done by the heap.
  to_space_ = nullptr;
  from_space_ = nullptr;
  CHECK(mark_stack_->IsEmpty());
  mark_stack_->Reset();
  // Clear all of the spaces' mark bitmaps.
  WriterMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
  heap_->ClearMarkedObjects();
}

void SemiSpace::RevokeAllThreadLocalBuffers() {
  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, GetTimings());
  GetHeap()->RevokeAllThreadLocalBuffers();
}

}  // namespace collector
}  // namespace gc
}  // namespace art