mm: speculative page references
If we can be sure that elevating the page_count on a pagecache page will
pin it, we can speculatively run this operation, and subsequently check to
see if we hit the right page rather than relying on holding a lock or
otherwise pinning a reference to the page.
This can be done if get_page/put_page behaves consistently throughout the
whole tree (ie. if we "get" the page after it has been used for something
else, we must be able to free it with a put_page).
Actually, there is a period where the count behaves differently: when the
page is free or if it is a constituent page of a compound page. We need
an atomic_inc_not_zero operation to ensure we don't try to grab the page
in either case.
This patch introduces the core locking protocol to the pagecache (ie.
adds page_cache_get_speculative, and tweaks some update-side code to make
it work).
Thanks to Hugh for pointing out an improvement to the algorithm setting
page_count to zero when we have control of all references, in order to
hold off speculative getters.
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: fix migration_entry_wait()]
[hugh@veritas.com: fix add_to_page_cache]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: repair a comment]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jeff@garzik.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Acked-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
diff --git a/drivers/net/cassini.c b/drivers/net/cassini.c
index 83768df..f1936d5 100644
--- a/drivers/net/cassini.c
+++ b/drivers/net/cassini.c
@@ -576,6 +576,18 @@
list_for_each_safe(elem, tmp, &list) {
cas_page_t *page = list_entry(elem, cas_page_t, list);
+ /*
+ * With the lockless pagecache, cassini buffering scheme gets
+ * slightly less accurate: we might find that a page has an
+ * elevated reference count here, due to a speculative ref,
+ * and skip it as in-use. Ideally we would be able to reclaim
+ * it. However this would be such a rare case, it doesn't
+ * matter too much as we should pick it up the next time round.
+ *
+ * Importantly, if we find that the page has a refcount of 1
+ * here (our refcount), then we know it is definitely not inuse
+ * so we can reuse it.
+ */
if (page_count(page->buffer) > 1)
continue;
diff --git a/include/linux/pagemap.h b/include/linux/pagemap.h
index ee1ec2c..a81d818 100644
--- a/include/linux/pagemap.h
+++ b/include/linux/pagemap.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
+#include <linux/hardirq.h> /* for in_interrupt() */
/*
* Bits in mapping->flags. The lower __GFP_BITS_SHIFT bits are the page
@@ -62,6 +63,98 @@
#define page_cache_release(page) put_page(page)
void release_pages(struct page **pages, int nr, int cold);
+/*
+ * speculatively take a reference to a page.
+ * If the page is free (_count == 0), then _count is untouched, and 0
+ * is returned. Otherwise, _count is incremented by 1 and 1 is returned.
+ *
+ * This function must be called inside the same rcu_read_lock() section as has
+ * been used to lookup the page in the pagecache radix-tree (or page table):
+ * this allows allocators to use a synchronize_rcu() to stabilize _count.
+ *
+ * Unless an RCU grace period has passed, the count of all pages coming out
+ * of the allocator must be considered unstable. page_count may return higher
+ * than expected, and put_page must be able to do the right thing when the
+ * page has been finished with, no matter what it is subsequently allocated
+ * for (because put_page is what is used here to drop an invalid speculative
+ * reference).
+ *
+ * This is the interesting part of the lockless pagecache (and lockless
+ * get_user_pages) locking protocol, where the lookup-side (eg. find_get_page)
+ * has the following pattern:
+ * 1. find page in radix tree
+ * 2. conditionally increment refcount
+ * 3. check the page is still in pagecache (if no, goto 1)
+ *
+ * Remove-side that cares about stability of _count (eg. reclaim) has the
+ * following (with tree_lock held for write):
+ * A. atomically check refcount is correct and set it to 0 (atomic_cmpxchg)
+ * B. remove page from pagecache
+ * C. free the page
+ *
+ * There are 2 critical interleavings that matter:
+ * - 2 runs before A: in this case, A sees elevated refcount and bails out
+ * - A runs before 2: in this case, 2 sees zero refcount and retries;
+ * subsequently, B will complete and 1 will find no page, causing the
+ * lookup to return NULL.
+ *
+ * It is possible that between 1 and 2, the page is removed then the exact same
+ * page is inserted into the same position in pagecache. That's OK: the
+ * old find_get_page using tree_lock could equally have run before or after
+ * such a re-insertion, depending on order that locks are granted.
+ *
+ * Lookups racing against pagecache insertion isn't a big problem: either 1
+ * will find the page or it will not. Likewise, the old find_get_page could run
+ * either before the insertion or afterwards, depending on timing.
+ */
+static inline int page_cache_get_speculative(struct page *page)
+{
+ VM_BUG_ON(in_interrupt());
+
+#if !defined(CONFIG_SMP) && defined(CONFIG_CLASSIC_RCU)
+# ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
+ VM_BUG_ON(!in_atomic());
+# endif
+ /*
+ * Preempt must be disabled here - we rely on rcu_read_lock doing
+ * this for us.
+ *
+ * Pagecache won't be truncated from interrupt context, so if we have
+ * found a page in the radix tree here, we have pinned its refcount by
+ * disabling preempt, and hence no need for the "speculative get" that
+ * SMP requires.
+ */
+ VM_BUG_ON(page_count(page) == 0);
+ atomic_inc(&page->_count);
+
+#else
+ if (unlikely(!get_page_unless_zero(page))) {
+ /*
+ * Either the page has been freed, or will be freed.
+ * In either case, retry here and the caller should
+ * do the right thing (see comments above).
+ */
+ return 0;
+ }
+#endif
+ VM_BUG_ON(PageTail(page));
+
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static inline int page_freeze_refs(struct page *page, int count)
+{
+ return likely(atomic_cmpxchg(&page->_count, count, 0) == count);
+}
+
+static inline void page_unfreeze_refs(struct page *page, int count)
+{
+ VM_BUG_ON(page_count(page) != 0);
+ VM_BUG_ON(count == 0);
+
+ atomic_set(&page->_count, count);
+}
+
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
extern struct page *__page_cache_alloc(gfp_t gfp);
#else
@@ -133,7 +226,7 @@
return read_cache_page(mapping, index, filler, data);
}
-int add_to_page_cache(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
+int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
pgoff_t index, gfp_t gfp_mask);
int add_to_page_cache_lru(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
pgoff_t index, gfp_t gfp_mask);
@@ -141,6 +234,22 @@
extern void __remove_from_page_cache(struct page *page);
/*
+ * Like add_to_page_cache_locked, but used to add newly allocated pages:
+ * the page is new, so we can just run SetPageLocked() against it.
+ */
+static inline int add_to_page_cache(struct page *page,
+ struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)
+{
+ int error;
+
+ SetPageLocked(page);
+ error = add_to_page_cache_locked(page, mapping, offset, gfp_mask);
+ if (unlikely(error))
+ ClearPageLocked(page);
+ return error;
+}
+
+/*
* Return byte-offset into filesystem object for page.
*/
static inline loff_t page_offset(struct page *page)
diff --git a/mm/filemap.c b/mm/filemap.c
index 2d3ec1ff..4e182a9 100644
--- a/mm/filemap.c
+++ b/mm/filemap.c
@@ -442,39 +442,43 @@
}
/**
- * add_to_page_cache - add newly allocated pagecache pages
+ * add_to_page_cache_locked - add a locked page to the pagecache
* @page: page to add
* @mapping: the page's address_space
* @offset: page index
* @gfp_mask: page allocation mode
*
- * This function is used to add newly allocated pagecache pages;
- * the page is new, so we can just run SetPageLocked() against it.
- * The other page state flags were set by rmqueue().
- *
+ * This function is used to add a page to the pagecache. It must be locked.
* This function does not add the page to the LRU. The caller must do that.
*/
-int add_to_page_cache(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
+int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)
{
- int error = mem_cgroup_cache_charge(page, current->mm,
+ int error;
+
+ VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
+
+ error = mem_cgroup_cache_charge(page, current->mm,
gfp_mask & ~__GFP_HIGHMEM);
if (error)
goto out;
error = radix_tree_preload(gfp_mask & ~__GFP_HIGHMEM);
if (error == 0) {
+ page_cache_get(page);
+ page->mapping = mapping;
+ page->index = offset;
+
write_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
error = radix_tree_insert(&mapping->page_tree, offset, page);
- if (!error) {
- page_cache_get(page);
- SetPageLocked(page);
- page->mapping = mapping;
- page->index = offset;
+ if (likely(!error)) {
mapping->nrpages++;
__inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PAGES);
- } else
+ } else {
+ page->mapping = NULL;
mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page);
+ page_cache_release(page);
+ }
write_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
radix_tree_preload_end();
@@ -483,7 +487,7 @@
out:
return error;
}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_to_page_cache);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_to_page_cache_locked);
int add_to_page_cache_lru(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)
diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
index d8c65a6..3ca6392 100644
--- a/mm/migrate.c
+++ b/mm/migrate.c
@@ -285,7 +285,15 @@
page = migration_entry_to_page(entry);
- get_page(page);
+ /*
+ * Once radix-tree replacement of page migration started, page_count
+ * *must* be zero. And, we don't want to call wait_on_page_locked()
+ * against a page without get_page().
+ * So, we use get_page_unless_zero(), here. Even failed, page fault
+ * will occur again.
+ */
+ if (!get_page_unless_zero(page))
+ goto out;
pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
wait_on_page_locked(page);
put_page(page);
@@ -305,6 +313,7 @@
static int migrate_page_move_mapping(struct address_space *mapping,
struct page *newpage, struct page *page)
{
+ int expected_count;
void **pslot;
if (!mapping) {
@@ -319,12 +328,18 @@
pslot = radix_tree_lookup_slot(&mapping->page_tree,
page_index(page));
- if (page_count(page) != 2 + !!PagePrivate(page) ||
+ expected_count = 2 + !!PagePrivate(page);
+ if (page_count(page) != expected_count ||
(struct page *)radix_tree_deref_slot(pslot) != page) {
write_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
return -EAGAIN;
}
+ if (!page_freeze_refs(page, expected_count)) {
+ write_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
+ return -EAGAIN;
+ }
+
/*
* Now we know that no one else is looking at the page.
*/
@@ -338,6 +353,7 @@
radix_tree_replace_slot(pslot, newpage);
+ page_unfreeze_refs(page, expected_count);
/*
* Drop cache reference from old page.
* We know this isn't the last reference.
diff --git a/mm/shmem.c b/mm/shmem.c
index f92fea9..1089092 100644
--- a/mm/shmem.c
+++ b/mm/shmem.c
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@
spin_lock(&info->lock);
ptr = shmem_swp_entry(info, idx, NULL);
if (ptr && ptr->val == entry.val) {
- error = add_to_page_cache(page, inode->i_mapping,
+ error = add_to_page_cache_locked(page, inode->i_mapping,
idx, GFP_NOWAIT);
/* does mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page on error */
} else /* we must compensate for our precharge above */
@@ -1301,8 +1301,8 @@
SetPageUptodate(filepage);
set_page_dirty(filepage);
swap_free(swap);
- } else if (!(error = add_to_page_cache(
- swappage, mapping, idx, GFP_NOWAIT))) {
+ } else if (!(error = add_to_page_cache_locked(swappage, mapping,
+ idx, GFP_NOWAIT))) {
info->flags |= SHMEM_PAGEIN;
shmem_swp_set(info, entry, 0);
shmem_swp_unmap(entry);
diff --git a/mm/swap_state.c b/mm/swap_state.c
index d8aadaf..3e3381d 100644
--- a/mm/swap_state.c
+++ b/mm/swap_state.c
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
}
/*
- * add_to_swap_cache resembles add_to_page_cache on swapper_space,
+ * add_to_swap_cache resembles add_to_page_cache_locked on swapper_space,
* but sets SwapCache flag and private instead of mapping and index.
*/
int add_to_swap_cache(struct page *page, swp_entry_t entry, gfp_t gfp_mask)
@@ -76,19 +76,26 @@
BUG_ON(PagePrivate(page));
error = radix_tree_preload(gfp_mask);
if (!error) {
+ page_cache_get(page);
+ SetPageSwapCache(page);
+ set_page_private(page, entry.val);
+
write_lock_irq(&swapper_space.tree_lock);
error = radix_tree_insert(&swapper_space.page_tree,
entry.val, page);
- if (!error) {
- page_cache_get(page);
- SetPageSwapCache(page);
- set_page_private(page, entry.val);
+ if (likely(!error)) {
total_swapcache_pages++;
__inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PAGES);
INC_CACHE_INFO(add_total);
}
write_unlock_irq(&swapper_space.tree_lock);
radix_tree_preload_end();
+
+ if (unlikely(error)) {
+ set_page_private(page, 0UL);
+ ClearPageSwapCache(page);
+ page_cache_release(page);
+ }
}
return error;
}
diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
index 26672c6..0075eac 100644
--- a/mm/vmscan.c
+++ b/mm/vmscan.c
@@ -391,12 +391,10 @@
}
/*
- * Attempt to detach a locked page from its ->mapping. If it is dirty or if
- * someone else has a ref on the page, abort and return 0. If it was
- * successfully detached, return 1. Assumes the caller has a single ref on
- * this page.
+ * Same as remove_mapping, but if the page is removed from the mapping, it
+ * gets returned with a refcount of 0.
*/
-int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
+static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
{
BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
BUG_ON(mapping != page_mapping(page));
@@ -427,24 +425,24 @@
* Note that if SetPageDirty is always performed via set_page_dirty,
* and thus under tree_lock, then this ordering is not required.
*/
- if (unlikely(page_count(page) != 2))
+ if (!page_freeze_refs(page, 2))
goto cannot_free;
- smp_rmb();
- if (unlikely(PageDirty(page)))
+ /* note: atomic_cmpxchg in page_freeze_refs provides the smp_rmb */
+ if (unlikely(PageDirty(page))) {
+ page_unfreeze_refs(page, 2);
goto cannot_free;
+ }
if (PageSwapCache(page)) {
swp_entry_t swap = { .val = page_private(page) };
__delete_from_swap_cache(page);
write_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
swap_free(swap);
- __put_page(page); /* The pagecache ref */
- return 1;
+ } else {
+ __remove_from_page_cache(page);
+ write_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
}
- __remove_from_page_cache(page);
- write_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
- __put_page(page);
return 1;
cannot_free:
@@ -453,6 +451,26 @@
}
/*
+ * Attempt to detach a locked page from its ->mapping. If it is dirty or if
+ * someone else has a ref on the page, abort and return 0. If it was
+ * successfully detached, return 1. Assumes the caller has a single ref on
+ * this page.
+ */
+int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
+{
+ if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page)) {
+ /*
+ * Unfreezing the refcount with 1 rather than 2 effectively
+ * drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another
+ * atomic operation.
+ */
+ page_unfreeze_refs(page, 1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/*
* shrink_page_list() returns the number of reclaimed pages
*/
static unsigned long shrink_page_list(struct list_head *page_list,
@@ -598,18 +616,34 @@
if (PagePrivate(page)) {
if (!try_to_release_page(page, sc->gfp_mask))
goto activate_locked;
- if (!mapping && page_count(page) == 1)
- goto free_it;
+ if (!mapping && page_count(page) == 1) {
+ unlock_page(page);
+ if (put_page_testzero(page))
+ goto free_it;
+ else {
+ /*
+ * rare race with speculative reference.
+ * the speculative reference will free
+ * this page shortly, so we may
+ * increment nr_reclaimed here (and
+ * leave it off the LRU).
+ */
+ nr_reclaimed++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
}
- if (!mapping || !remove_mapping(mapping, page))
+ if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page))
goto keep_locked;
-free_it:
unlock_page(page);
+free_it:
nr_reclaimed++;
- if (!pagevec_add(&freed_pvec, page))
- __pagevec_release_nonlru(&freed_pvec);
+ if (!pagevec_add(&freed_pvec, page)) {
+ __pagevec_free(&freed_pvec);
+ pagevec_reinit(&freed_pvec);
+ }
continue;
activate_locked:
@@ -623,7 +657,7 @@
}
list_splice(&ret_pages, page_list);
if (pagevec_count(&freed_pvec))
- __pagevec_release_nonlru(&freed_pvec);
+ __pagevec_free(&freed_pvec);
count_vm_events(PGACTIVATE, pgactivate);
return nr_reclaimed;
}