License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
diff --git a/drivers/pci/Makefile b/drivers/pci/Makefile
index 66a21ac..80adbdb 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the PCI bus specific drivers.
#
diff --git a/drivers/pci/dwc/Makefile b/drivers/pci/dwc/Makefile
index c61be97..e736611 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/dwc/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/dwc/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
obj-$(CONFIG_PCIE_DW) += pcie-designware.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCIE_DW_HOST) += pcie-designware-host.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCIE_DW_EP) += pcie-designware-ep.o
diff --git a/drivers/pci/host/Makefile b/drivers/pci/host/Makefile
index 1238278..95f5b80 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/host/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/host/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_FTPCI100) += pci-ftpci100.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_HYPERV) += pci-hyperv.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_MVEBU) += pci-mvebu.o
diff --git a/drivers/pci/host/pci-ftpci100.c b/drivers/pci/host/pci-ftpci100.c
index 96028f0..4ea7d2e 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/host/pci-ftpci100.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/host/pci-ftpci100.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Support for Faraday Technology FTPC100 PCI Controller
*
diff --git a/drivers/pci/host/pcie-tango.c b/drivers/pci/host/pcie-tango.c
index 6bbb81f..95049de 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/host/pcie-tango.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/host/pcie-tango.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/pci-ecam.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/of.h>
diff --git a/drivers/pci/hotplug/Makefile b/drivers/pci/hotplug/Makefile
index e33cdda..7e33316 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/hotplug/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/hotplug/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the Linux kernel pci hotplug controller drivers.
#
diff --git a/drivers/pci/htirq.c b/drivers/pci/htirq.c
index 7eb4109..bb88c26 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/htirq.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/htirq.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* File: htirq.c
* Purpose: Hypertransport Interrupt Capability
diff --git a/drivers/pci/irq.c b/drivers/pci/irq.c
index 83d3095..10929cd 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/irq.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/irq.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* PCI IRQ handling code
*
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pci-label.c b/drivers/pci/pci-label.c
index 7e9e795..a961a71 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pci-label.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/pci-label.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Purpose: Export the firmware instance and label associated with
* a pci device to sysfs
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pci-sysfs.c b/drivers/pci/pci-sysfs.c
index 8e075ea..00fa427 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pci-sysfs.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/pci-sysfs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* drivers/pci/pci-sysfs.c
*
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pci.h b/drivers/pci/pci.h
index a6560c9..fdb02c1 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pci.h
+++ b/drivers/pci/pci.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef DRIVERS_PCI_H
#define DRIVERS_PCI_H
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/Makefile b/drivers/pci/pcie/Makefile
index 36e35ea..223e4c3 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for PCI-Express PORT Driver
#
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/Makefile b/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/Makefile
index 2cba675..09bd890 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for PCI-Express Root Port Advanced Error Reporting Driver
#
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv.h b/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv.h
index d51e4a5..5449e5c 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv.h
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* Copyright (C) 2006 Intel Corp.
* Tom Long Nguyen (tom.l.nguyen@intel.com)
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv_acpi.c b/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv_acpi.c
index 0190657..b201944 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv_acpi.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/aer/aerdrv_acpi.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Access ACPI _OSC method
*
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/aspm.c b/drivers/pci/pcie/aspm.c
index 1dfa10c..83e4a89 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/aspm.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/aspm.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* File: drivers/pci/pcie/aspm.c
* Enabling PCIe link L0s/L1 state and Clock Power Management
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv.h b/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv.h
index 4334fd5..a854bc5 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv.h
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* File: portdrv.h
* Purpose: PCI Express Port Bus Driver's Internal Data Structures
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c b/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c
index 313a21d..ebc9d45 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_core.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* File: portdrv_core.c
* Purpose: PCI Express Port Bus Driver's Core Functions
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_pci.c b/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_pci.c
index 083276e..68c389c 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_pci.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/pcie/portdrv_pci.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* File: portdrv_pci.c
* Purpose: PCI Express Port Bus Driver
diff --git a/drivers/pci/proc.c b/drivers/pci/proc.c
index 098360d..58a662e 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/proc.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/proc.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Procfs interface for the PCI bus.
*
diff --git a/drivers/pci/quirks.c b/drivers/pci/quirks.c
index a4d3361..911b3b6 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/quirks.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/quirks.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* This file contains work-arounds for many known PCI hardware
* bugs. Devices present only on certain architectures (host
diff --git a/drivers/pci/setup-res.c b/drivers/pci/setup-res.c
index e576e1a..c039149 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/setup-res.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/setup-res.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* drivers/pci/setup-res.c
*
diff --git a/drivers/pci/syscall.c b/drivers/pci/syscall.c
index 9bf993e..83efa00 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/syscall.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/syscall.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* pci_syscall.c
*