diff --git a/mm/percpu.c b/mm/percpu.c
index 84cc255..986d900 100644
--- a/mm/percpu.c
+++ b/mm/percpu.c
@@ -86,10 +86,9 @@
 
 #include "percpu-internal.h"
 
-#define PCPU_SLOT_BASE_SHIFT		5	/* 1-31 shares the same slot */
-#define PCPU_DFL_MAP_ALLOC		16	/* start a map with 16 ents */
-#define PCPU_ATOMIC_MAP_MARGIN_LOW	32
-#define PCPU_ATOMIC_MAP_MARGIN_HIGH	64
+/* the slots are sorted by free bytes left, 1-31 bytes share the same slot */
+#define PCPU_SLOT_BASE_SHIFT		5
+
 #define PCPU_EMPTY_POP_PAGES_LOW	2
 #define PCPU_EMPTY_POP_PAGES_HIGH	4
 
@@ -218,10 +217,10 @@
 
 static int pcpu_chunk_slot(const struct pcpu_chunk *chunk)
 {
-	if (chunk->free_size < sizeof(int) || chunk->contig_hint < sizeof(int))
+	if (chunk->free_bytes < PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE || chunk->contig_bits == 0)
 		return 0;
 
-	return pcpu_size_to_slot(chunk->free_size);
+	return pcpu_size_to_slot(chunk->free_bytes);
 }
 
 /* set the pointer to a chunk in a page struct */
@@ -317,38 +316,6 @@
 }
 
 /**
- * pcpu_count_occupied_pages - count the number of pages an area occupies
- * @chunk: chunk of interest
- * @i: index of the area in question
- *
- * Count the number of pages chunk's @i'th area occupies.  When the area's
- * start and/or end address isn't aligned to page boundary, the straddled
- * page is included in the count iff the rest of the page is free.
- */
-static int pcpu_count_occupied_pages(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int i)
-{
-	int off = chunk->map[i] & ~1;
-	int end = chunk->map[i + 1] & ~1;
-
-	if (!PAGE_ALIGNED(off) && i > 0) {
-		int prev = chunk->map[i - 1];
-
-		if (!(prev & 1) && prev <= round_down(off, PAGE_SIZE))
-			off = round_down(off, PAGE_SIZE);
-	}
-
-	if (!PAGE_ALIGNED(end) && i + 1 < chunk->map_used) {
-		int next = chunk->map[i + 1];
-		int nend = chunk->map[i + 2] & ~1;
-
-		if (!(next & 1) && nend >= round_up(end, PAGE_SIZE))
-			end = round_up(end, PAGE_SIZE);
-	}
-
-	return max_t(int, PFN_DOWN(end) - PFN_UP(off), 0);
-}
-
-/**
  * pcpu_chunk_relocate - put chunk in the appropriate chunk slot
  * @chunk: chunk of interest
  * @oslot: the previous slot it was on
@@ -374,358 +341,270 @@
 }
 
 /**
- * pcpu_need_to_extend - determine whether chunk area map needs to be extended
+ * pcpu_cnt_pop_pages- counts populated backing pages in range
  * @chunk: chunk of interest
- * @is_atomic: the allocation context
+ * @bit_off: start offset
+ * @bits: size of area to check
  *
- * Determine whether area map of @chunk needs to be extended.  If
- * @is_atomic, only the amount necessary for a new allocation is
- * considered; however, async extension is scheduled if the left amount is
- * low.  If !@is_atomic, it aims for more empty space.  Combined, this
- * ensures that the map is likely to have enough available space to
- * accomodate atomic allocations which can't extend maps directly.
- *
- * CONTEXT:
- * pcpu_lock.
+ * Calculates the number of populated pages in the region
+ * [page_start, page_end).  This keeps track of how many empty populated
+ * pages are available and decide if async work should be scheduled.
  *
  * RETURNS:
- * New target map allocation length if extension is necessary, 0
- * otherwise.
+ * The nr of populated pages.
  */
-static int pcpu_need_to_extend(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, bool is_atomic)
+static inline int pcpu_cnt_pop_pages(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int bit_off,
+				     int bits)
 {
-	int margin, new_alloc;
+	int page_start = PFN_UP(bit_off * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE);
+	int page_end = PFN_DOWN((bit_off + bits) * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE);
+
+	if (page_start >= page_end)
+		return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * bitmap_weight counts the number of bits set in a bitmap up to
+	 * the specified number of bits.  This is counting the populated
+	 * pages up to page_end and then subtracting the populated pages
+	 * up to page_start to count the populated pages in
+	 * [page_start, page_end).
+	 */
+	return bitmap_weight(chunk->populated, page_end) -
+	       bitmap_weight(chunk->populated, page_start);
+}
+
+/**
+ * pcpu_chunk_update - updates the chunk metadata given a free area
+ * @chunk: chunk of interest
+ * @bit_off: chunk offset
+ * @bits: size of free area
+ *
+ * This updates the chunk's contig hint given a free area.
+ */
+static void pcpu_chunk_update(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int bit_off, int bits)
+{
+	if (bits > chunk->contig_bits)
+		chunk->contig_bits = bits;
+}
+
+/**
+ * pcpu_chunk_refresh_hint - updates metadata about a chunk
+ * @chunk: chunk of interest
+ *
+ * Iterates over the chunk to find the largest free area.
+ *
+ * Updates:
+ *      chunk->contig_bits
+ *      nr_empty_pop_pages
+ */
+static void pcpu_chunk_refresh_hint(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk)
+{
+	int bits, nr_empty_pop_pages;
+	int rs, re; /* region start, region end */
+
+	/* clear metadata */
+	chunk->contig_bits = 0;
+
+	bits = nr_empty_pop_pages = 0;
+	pcpu_for_each_unpop_region(chunk->alloc_map, rs, re, 0,
+				   pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk)) {
+		bits = re - rs;
+
+		pcpu_chunk_update(chunk, rs, bits);
+
+		nr_empty_pop_pages += pcpu_cnt_pop_pages(chunk, rs, bits);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Keep track of nr_empty_pop_pages.
+	 *
+	 * The chunk maintains the previous number of free pages it held,
+	 * so the delta is used to update the global counter.  The reserved
+	 * chunk is not part of the free page count as they are populated
+	 * at init and are special to serving reserved allocations.
+	 */
+	if (chunk != pcpu_reserved_chunk)
+		pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages +=
+			(nr_empty_pop_pages - chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages);
+
+	chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages = nr_empty_pop_pages;
+}
+
+/**
+ * pcpu_is_populated - determines if the region is populated
+ * @chunk: chunk of interest
+ * @bit_off: chunk offset
+ * @bits: size of area
+ * @next_off: return value for the next offset to start searching
+ *
+ * For atomic allocations, check if the backing pages are populated.
+ *
+ * RETURNS:
+ * Bool if the backing pages are populated.
+ * next_index is to skip over unpopulated blocks in pcpu_find_block_fit.
+ */
+static bool pcpu_is_populated(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int bit_off, int bits,
+			      int *next_off)
+{
+	int page_start, page_end, rs, re;
+
+	page_start = PFN_DOWN(bit_off * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE);
+	page_end = PFN_UP((bit_off + bits) * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE);
+
+	rs = page_start;
+	pcpu_next_unpop(chunk->populated, &rs, &re, page_end);
+	if (rs >= page_end)
+		return true;
+
+	*next_off = re * PAGE_SIZE / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * pcpu_find_block_fit - finds the block index to start searching
+ * @chunk: chunk of interest
+ * @alloc_bits: size of request in allocation units
+ * @align: alignment of area (max PAGE_SIZE bytes)
+ * @pop_only: use populated regions only
+ *
+ * RETURNS:
+ * The offset in the bitmap to begin searching.
+ * -1 if no offset is found.
+ */
+static int pcpu_find_block_fit(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int alloc_bits,
+			       size_t align, bool pop_only)
+{
+	int bit_off, bits;
+	int re; /* region end */
+
+	pcpu_for_each_unpop_region(chunk->alloc_map, bit_off, re, 0,
+				   pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk)) {
+		bits = re - bit_off;
+
+		/* check alignment */
+		bits -= ALIGN(bit_off, align) - bit_off;
+		bit_off = ALIGN(bit_off, align);
+		if (bits < alloc_bits)
+			continue;
+
+		bits = alloc_bits;
+		if (!pop_only || pcpu_is_populated(chunk, bit_off, bits,
+						   &bit_off))
+			break;
+
+		bits = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (bit_off == pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk))
+		return -1;
+
+	return bit_off;
+}
+
+/**
+ * pcpu_alloc_area - allocates an area from a pcpu_chunk
+ * @chunk: chunk of interest
+ * @alloc_bits: size of request in allocation units
+ * @align: alignment of area (max PAGE_SIZE)
+ * @start: bit_off to start searching
+ *
+ * This function takes in a @start offset to begin searching to fit an
+ * allocation of @alloc_bits with alignment @align.  If it confirms a
+ * valid free area, it then updates the allocation and boundary maps
+ * accordingly.
+ *
+ * RETURNS:
+ * Allocated addr offset in @chunk on success.
+ * -1 if no matching area is found.
+ */
+static int pcpu_alloc_area(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int alloc_bits,
+			   size_t align, int start)
+{
+	size_t align_mask = (align) ? (align - 1) : 0;
+	int bit_off, end, oslot;
 
 	lockdep_assert_held(&pcpu_lock);
 
-	if (is_atomic) {
-		margin = 3;
-
-		if (chunk->map_alloc <
-		    chunk->map_used + PCPU_ATOMIC_MAP_MARGIN_LOW) {
-			if (list_empty(&chunk->map_extend_list)) {
-				list_add_tail(&chunk->map_extend_list,
-					      &pcpu_map_extend_chunks);
-				pcpu_schedule_balance_work();
-			}
-		}
-	} else {
-		margin = PCPU_ATOMIC_MAP_MARGIN_HIGH;
-	}
-
-	if (chunk->map_alloc >= chunk->map_used + margin)
-		return 0;
-
-	new_alloc = PCPU_DFL_MAP_ALLOC;
-	while (new_alloc < chunk->map_used + margin)
-		new_alloc *= 2;
-
-	return new_alloc;
-}
-
-/**
- * pcpu_extend_area_map - extend area map of a chunk
- * @chunk: chunk of interest
- * @new_alloc: new target allocation length of the area map
- *
- * Extend area map of @chunk to have @new_alloc entries.
- *
- * CONTEXT:
- * Does GFP_KERNEL allocation.  Grabs and releases pcpu_lock.
- *
- * RETURNS:
- * 0 on success, -errno on failure.
- */
-static int pcpu_extend_area_map(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int new_alloc)
-{
-	int *old = NULL, *new = NULL;
-	size_t old_size = 0, new_size = new_alloc * sizeof(new[0]);
-	unsigned long flags;
-
-	lockdep_assert_held(&pcpu_alloc_mutex);
-
-	new = pcpu_mem_zalloc(new_size);
-	if (!new)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	/* acquire pcpu_lock and switch to new area map */
-	spin_lock_irqsave(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-
-	if (new_alloc <= chunk->map_alloc)
-		goto out_unlock;
-
-	old_size = chunk->map_alloc * sizeof(chunk->map[0]);
-	old = chunk->map;
-
-	memcpy(new, old, old_size);
-
-	chunk->map_alloc = new_alloc;
-	chunk->map = new;
-	new = NULL;
-
-out_unlock:
-	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pcpu_lock, flags);
+	oslot = pcpu_chunk_slot(chunk);
 
 	/*
-	 * pcpu_mem_free() might end up calling vfree() which uses
-	 * IRQ-unsafe lock and thus can't be called under pcpu_lock.
+	 * Search to find a fit.
 	 */
-	pcpu_mem_free(old);
-	pcpu_mem_free(new);
+	end = start + alloc_bits;
+	bit_off = bitmap_find_next_zero_area(chunk->alloc_map, end, start,
+					     alloc_bits, align_mask);
+	if (bit_off >= end)
+		return -1;
 
-	return 0;
-}
+	/* update alloc map */
+	bitmap_set(chunk->alloc_map, bit_off, alloc_bits);
 
-/**
- * pcpu_fit_in_area - try to fit the requested allocation in a candidate area
- * @chunk: chunk the candidate area belongs to
- * @off: the offset to the start of the candidate area
- * @this_size: the size of the candidate area
- * @size: the size of the target allocation
- * @align: the alignment of the target allocation
- * @pop_only: only allocate from already populated region
- *
- * We're trying to allocate @size bytes aligned at @align.  @chunk's area
- * at @off sized @this_size is a candidate.  This function determines
- * whether the target allocation fits in the candidate area and returns the
- * number of bytes to pad after @off.  If the target area doesn't fit, -1
- * is returned.
- *
- * If @pop_only is %true, this function only considers the already
- * populated part of the candidate area.
- */
-static int pcpu_fit_in_area(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int off, int this_size,
-			    int size, int align, bool pop_only)
-{
-	int cand_off = off;
+	/* update boundary map */
+	set_bit(bit_off, chunk->bound_map);
+	bitmap_clear(chunk->bound_map, bit_off + 1, alloc_bits - 1);
+	set_bit(bit_off + alloc_bits, chunk->bound_map);
 
-	while (true) {
-		int head = ALIGN(cand_off, align) - off;
-		int page_start, page_end, rs, re;
+	chunk->free_bytes -= alloc_bits * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
 
-		if (this_size < head + size)
-			return -1;
+	pcpu_chunk_refresh_hint(chunk);
 
-		if (!pop_only)
-			return head;
-
-		/*
-		 * If the first unpopulated page is beyond the end of the
-		 * allocation, the whole allocation is populated;
-		 * otherwise, retry from the end of the unpopulated area.
-		 */
-		page_start = PFN_DOWN(head + off);
-		page_end = PFN_UP(head + off + size);
-
-		rs = page_start;
-		pcpu_next_unpop(chunk->populated, &rs, &re,
-				PFN_UP(off + this_size));
-		if (rs >= page_end)
-			return head;
-		cand_off = re * PAGE_SIZE;
-	}
-}
-
-/**
- * pcpu_alloc_area - allocate area from a pcpu_chunk
- * @chunk: chunk of interest
- * @size: wanted size in bytes
- * @align: wanted align
- * @pop_only: allocate only from the populated area
- * @occ_pages_p: out param for the number of pages the area occupies
- *
- * Try to allocate @size bytes area aligned at @align from @chunk.
- * Note that this function only allocates the offset.  It doesn't
- * populate or map the area.
- *
- * @chunk->map must have at least two free slots.
- *
- * CONTEXT:
- * pcpu_lock.
- *
- * RETURNS:
- * Allocated offset in @chunk on success, -1 if no matching area is
- * found.
- */
-static int pcpu_alloc_area(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int size, int align,
-			   bool pop_only, int *occ_pages_p)
-{
-	int oslot = pcpu_chunk_slot(chunk);
-	int max_contig = 0;
-	int i, off;
-	bool seen_free = false;
-	int *p;
-
-	for (i = chunk->first_free, p = chunk->map + i; i < chunk->map_used; i++, p++) {
-		int head, tail;
-		int this_size;
-
-		off = *p;
-		if (off & 1)
-			continue;
-
-		this_size = (p[1] & ~1) - off;
-
-		head = pcpu_fit_in_area(chunk, off, this_size, size, align,
-					pop_only);
-		if (head < 0) {
-			if (!seen_free) {
-				chunk->first_free = i;
-				seen_free = true;
-			}
-			max_contig = max(this_size, max_contig);
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * If head is small or the previous block is free,
-		 * merge'em.  Note that 'small' is defined as smaller
-		 * than sizeof(int), which is very small but isn't too
-		 * uncommon for percpu allocations.
-		 */
-		if (head && (head < sizeof(int) || !(p[-1] & 1))) {
-			*p = off += head;
-			if (p[-1] & 1)
-				chunk->free_size -= head;
-			else
-				max_contig = max(*p - p[-1], max_contig);
-			this_size -= head;
-			head = 0;
-		}
-
-		/* if tail is small, just keep it around */
-		tail = this_size - head - size;
-		if (tail < sizeof(int)) {
-			tail = 0;
-			size = this_size - head;
-		}
-
-		/* split if warranted */
-		if (head || tail) {
-			int nr_extra = !!head + !!tail;
-
-			/* insert new subblocks */
-			memmove(p + nr_extra + 1, p + 1,
-				sizeof(chunk->map[0]) * (chunk->map_used - i));
-			chunk->map_used += nr_extra;
-
-			if (head) {
-				if (!seen_free) {
-					chunk->first_free = i;
-					seen_free = true;
-				}
-				*++p = off += head;
-				++i;
-				max_contig = max(head, max_contig);
-			}
-			if (tail) {
-				p[1] = off + size;
-				max_contig = max(tail, max_contig);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (!seen_free)
-			chunk->first_free = i + 1;
-
-		/* update hint and mark allocated */
-		if (i + 1 == chunk->map_used)
-			chunk->contig_hint = max_contig; /* fully scanned */
-		else
-			chunk->contig_hint = max(chunk->contig_hint,
-						 max_contig);
-
-		chunk->free_size -= size;
-		*p |= 1;
-
-		*occ_pages_p = pcpu_count_occupied_pages(chunk, i);
-		pcpu_chunk_relocate(chunk, oslot);
-		return off;
-	}
-
-	chunk->contig_hint = max_contig;	/* fully scanned */
 	pcpu_chunk_relocate(chunk, oslot);
 
-	/* tell the upper layer that this chunk has no matching area */
-	return -1;
+	return bit_off * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
 }
 
 /**
- * pcpu_free_area - free area to a pcpu_chunk
+ * pcpu_free_area - frees the corresponding offset
  * @chunk: chunk of interest
- * @freeme: offset of area to free
- * @occ_pages_p: out param for the number of pages the area occupies
+ * @off: addr offset into chunk
  *
- * Free area starting from @freeme to @chunk.  Note that this function
- * only modifies the allocation map.  It doesn't depopulate or unmap
- * the area.
- *
- * CONTEXT:
- * pcpu_lock.
+ * This function determines the size of an allocation to free using
+ * the boundary bitmap and clears the allocation map.
  */
-static void pcpu_free_area(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int freeme,
-			   int *occ_pages_p)
+static void pcpu_free_area(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int off)
 {
-	int oslot = pcpu_chunk_slot(chunk);
-	int off = 0;
-	unsigned i, j;
-	int to_free = 0;
-	int *p;
+	int bit_off, bits, end, oslot;
 
 	lockdep_assert_held(&pcpu_lock);
 	pcpu_stats_area_dealloc(chunk);
 
-	freeme |= 1;	/* we are searching for <given offset, in use> pair */
+	oslot = pcpu_chunk_slot(chunk);
 
-	i = 0;
-	j = chunk->map_used;
-	while (i != j) {
-		unsigned k = (i + j) / 2;
-		off = chunk->map[k];
-		if (off < freeme)
-			i = k + 1;
-		else if (off > freeme)
-			j = k;
-		else
-			i = j = k;
-	}
-	BUG_ON(off != freeme);
+	bit_off = off / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
 
-	if (i < chunk->first_free)
-		chunk->first_free = i;
+	/* find end index */
+	end = find_next_bit(chunk->bound_map, pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk),
+			    bit_off + 1);
+	bits = end - bit_off;
+	bitmap_clear(chunk->alloc_map, bit_off, bits);
 
-	p = chunk->map + i;
-	*p = off &= ~1;
-	chunk->free_size += (p[1] & ~1) - off;
+	/* update metadata */
+	chunk->free_bytes += bits * PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
 
-	*occ_pages_p = pcpu_count_occupied_pages(chunk, i);
+	pcpu_chunk_refresh_hint(chunk);
 
-	/* merge with next? */
-	if (!(p[1] & 1))
-		to_free++;
-	/* merge with previous? */
-	if (i > 0 && !(p[-1] & 1)) {
-		to_free++;
-		i--;
-		p--;
-	}
-	if (to_free) {
-		chunk->map_used -= to_free;
-		memmove(p + 1, p + 1 + to_free,
-			(chunk->map_used - i) * sizeof(chunk->map[0]));
-	}
-
-	chunk->contig_hint = max(chunk->map[i + 1] - chunk->map[i] - 1, chunk->contig_hint);
 	pcpu_chunk_relocate(chunk, oslot);
 }
 
+/**
+ * pcpu_alloc_first_chunk - creates chunks that serve the first chunk
+ * @tmp_addr: the start of the region served
+ * @map_size: size of the region served
+ *
+ * This is responsible for creating the chunks that serve the first chunk.  The
+ * base_addr is page aligned down of @tmp_addr while the region end is page
+ * aligned up.  Offsets are kept track of to determine the region served. All
+ * this is done to appease the bitmap allocator in avoiding partial blocks.
+ *
+ * RETURNS:
+ * Chunk serving the region at @tmp_addr of @map_size.
+ */
 static struct pcpu_chunk * __init pcpu_alloc_first_chunk(unsigned long tmp_addr,
-							 int map_size,
-							 int *map,
-							 int init_map_size)
+							 int map_size)
 {
 	struct pcpu_chunk *chunk;
 	unsigned long aligned_addr;
-	int start_offset, region_size;
+	int start_offset, offset_bits, region_size, region_bits;
 
 	/* region calculations */
 	aligned_addr = tmp_addr & PAGE_MASK;
@@ -740,83 +619,99 @@
 				    0);
 
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&chunk->list);
-	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&chunk->map_extend_list);
 
 	chunk->base_addr = (void *)aligned_addr;
 	chunk->start_offset = start_offset;
 	chunk->end_offset = region_size - chunk->start_offset - map_size;
 
 	chunk->nr_pages = region_size >> PAGE_SHIFT;
+	region_bits = pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk);
 
-	chunk->map = map;
-	chunk->map_alloc = init_map_size;
+	chunk->alloc_map = memblock_virt_alloc(
+				BITS_TO_LONGS(region_bits) *
+				sizeof(chunk->alloc_map[0]), 0);
+	chunk->bound_map = memblock_virt_alloc(
+				BITS_TO_LONGS(region_bits + 1) *
+				sizeof(chunk->bound_map[0]), 0);
 
 	/* manage populated page bitmap */
 	chunk->immutable = true;
 	bitmap_fill(chunk->populated, chunk->nr_pages);
 	chunk->nr_populated = chunk->nr_pages;
-	chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages = chunk->nr_pages;
+	chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages =
+		pcpu_cnt_pop_pages(chunk, start_offset / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE,
+				   map_size / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE);
 
-	chunk->contig_hint = chunk->free_size = map_size;
+	chunk->contig_bits = map_size / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
+	chunk->free_bytes = map_size;
 
 	if (chunk->start_offset) {
 		/* hide the beginning of the bitmap */
-		chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages--;
-
-		chunk->map[0] = 1;
-		chunk->map[1] = chunk->start_offset;
-		chunk->map_used = 1;
+		offset_bits = chunk->start_offset / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
+		bitmap_set(chunk->alloc_map, 0, offset_bits);
+		set_bit(0, chunk->bound_map);
+		set_bit(offset_bits, chunk->bound_map);
 	}
 
-	/* set chunk's free region */
-	chunk->map[++chunk->map_used] =
-		(chunk->start_offset + chunk->free_size) | 1;
-
 	if (chunk->end_offset) {
 		/* hide the end of the bitmap */
-		chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages--;
-
-		chunk->map[++chunk->map_used] = region_size | 1;
+		offset_bits = chunk->end_offset / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
+		bitmap_set(chunk->alloc_map,
+			   pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk) - offset_bits,
+			   offset_bits);
+		set_bit((start_offset + map_size) / PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE,
+			chunk->bound_map);
+		set_bit(region_bits, chunk->bound_map);
 	}
 
+	pcpu_chunk_refresh_hint(chunk);
+
 	return chunk;
 }
 
 static struct pcpu_chunk *pcpu_alloc_chunk(void)
 {
 	struct pcpu_chunk *chunk;
+	int region_bits;
 
 	chunk = pcpu_mem_zalloc(pcpu_chunk_struct_size);
 	if (!chunk)
 		return NULL;
 
-	chunk->map = pcpu_mem_zalloc(PCPU_DFL_MAP_ALLOC *
-						sizeof(chunk->map[0]));
-	if (!chunk->map) {
-		pcpu_mem_free(chunk);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	chunk->map_alloc = PCPU_DFL_MAP_ALLOC;
-	chunk->map[0] = 0;
-	chunk->map[1] = pcpu_unit_size | 1;
-	chunk->map_used = 1;
-
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&chunk->list);
-	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&chunk->map_extend_list);
-	chunk->free_size = pcpu_unit_size;
-	chunk->contig_hint = pcpu_unit_size;
-
 	chunk->nr_pages = pcpu_unit_pages;
+	region_bits = pcpu_chunk_map_bits(chunk);
+
+	chunk->alloc_map = pcpu_mem_zalloc(BITS_TO_LONGS(region_bits) *
+					   sizeof(chunk->alloc_map[0]));
+	if (!chunk->alloc_map)
+		goto alloc_map_fail;
+
+	chunk->bound_map = pcpu_mem_zalloc(BITS_TO_LONGS(region_bits + 1) *
+					   sizeof(chunk->bound_map[0]));
+	if (!chunk->bound_map)
+		goto bound_map_fail;
+
+	/* init metadata */
+	chunk->contig_bits = region_bits;
+	chunk->free_bytes = chunk->nr_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
 
 	return chunk;
+
+bound_map_fail:
+	pcpu_mem_free(chunk->alloc_map);
+alloc_map_fail:
+	pcpu_mem_free(chunk);
+
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 static void pcpu_free_chunk(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk)
 {
 	if (!chunk)
 		return;
-	pcpu_mem_free(chunk->map);
+	pcpu_mem_free(chunk->bound_map);
+	pcpu_mem_free(chunk->alloc_map);
 	pcpu_mem_free(chunk);
 }
 
@@ -825,13 +720,17 @@
  * @chunk: pcpu_chunk which got populated
  * @page_start: the start page
  * @page_end: the end page
+ * @for_alloc: if this is to populate for allocation
  *
  * Pages in [@page_start,@page_end) have been populated to @chunk.  Update
  * the bookkeeping information accordingly.  Must be called after each
  * successful population.
+ *
+ * If this is @for_alloc, do not increment pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages because it
+ * is to serve an allocation in that area.
  */
-static void pcpu_chunk_populated(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk,
-				 int page_start, int page_end)
+static void pcpu_chunk_populated(struct pcpu_chunk *chunk, int page_start,
+				 int page_end, bool for_alloc)
 {
 	int nr = page_end - page_start;
 
@@ -839,8 +738,11 @@
 
 	bitmap_set(chunk->populated, page_start, nr);
 	chunk->nr_populated += nr;
-	chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages += nr;
-	pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages += nr;
+
+	if (!for_alloc) {
+		chunk->nr_empty_pop_pages += nr;
+		pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages += nr;
+	}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -945,19 +847,23 @@
 	struct pcpu_chunk *chunk;
 	const char *err;
 	bool is_atomic = (gfp & GFP_KERNEL) != GFP_KERNEL;
-	int occ_pages = 0;
-	int slot, off, new_alloc, cpu, ret;
+	int slot, off, cpu, ret;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	void __percpu *ptr;
+	size_t bits, bit_align;
 
 	/*
-	 * We want the lowest bit of offset available for in-use/free
-	 * indicator, so force >= 16bit alignment and make size even.
+	 * There is now a minimum allocation size of PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE,
+	 * therefore alignment must be a minimum of that many bytes.
+	 * An allocation may have internal fragmentation from rounding up
+	 * of up to PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE - 1 bytes.
 	 */
 	if (unlikely(align < PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE))
 		align = PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE;
 
 	size = ALIGN(size, PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE);
+	bits = size >> PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SHIFT;
+	bit_align = align >> PCPU_MIN_ALLOC_SHIFT;
 
 	if (unlikely(!size || size > PCPU_MIN_UNIT_SIZE || align > PAGE_SIZE ||
 		     !is_power_of_2(align))) {
@@ -975,23 +881,13 @@
 	if (reserved && pcpu_reserved_chunk) {
 		chunk = pcpu_reserved_chunk;
 
-		if (size > chunk->contig_hint) {
+		off = pcpu_find_block_fit(chunk, bits, bit_align, is_atomic);
+		if (off < 0) {
 			err = "alloc from reserved chunk failed";
 			goto fail_unlock;
 		}
 
-		while ((new_alloc = pcpu_need_to_extend(chunk, is_atomic))) {
-			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-			if (is_atomic ||
-			    pcpu_extend_area_map(chunk, new_alloc) < 0) {
-				err = "failed to extend area map of reserved chunk";
-				goto fail;
-			}
-			spin_lock_irqsave(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-		}
-
-		off = pcpu_alloc_area(chunk, size, align, is_atomic,
-				      &occ_pages);
+		off = pcpu_alloc_area(chunk, bits, bit_align, off);
 		if (off >= 0)
 			goto area_found;
 
@@ -1003,31 +899,15 @@
 	/* search through normal chunks */
 	for (slot = pcpu_size_to_slot(size); slot < pcpu_nr_slots; slot++) {
 		list_for_each_entry(chunk, &pcpu_slot[slot], list) {
-			if (size > chunk->contig_hint)
+			off = pcpu_find_block_fit(chunk, bits, bit_align,
+						  is_atomic);
+			if (off < 0)
 				continue;
 
-			new_alloc = pcpu_need_to_extend(chunk, is_atomic);
-			if (new_alloc) {
-				if (is_atomic)
-					continue;
-				spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-				if (pcpu_extend_area_map(chunk,
-							 new_alloc) < 0) {
-					err = "failed to extend area map";
-					goto fail;
-				}
-				spin_lock_irqsave(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-				/*
-				 * pcpu_lock has been dropped, need to
-				 * restart cpu_slot list walking.
-				 */
-				goto restart;
-			}
-
-			off = pcpu_alloc_area(chunk, size, align, is_atomic,
-					      &occ_pages);
+			off = pcpu_alloc_area(chunk, bits, bit_align, off);
 			if (off >= 0)
 				goto area_found;
+
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1077,23 +957,17 @@
 
 			spin_lock_irqsave(&pcpu_lock, flags);
 			if (ret) {
-				pcpu_free_area(chunk, off, &occ_pages);
+				pcpu_free_area(chunk, off);
 				err = "failed to populate";
 				goto fail_unlock;
 			}
-			pcpu_chunk_populated(chunk, rs, re);
+			pcpu_chunk_populated(chunk, rs, re, true);
 			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pcpu_lock, flags);
 		}
 
 		mutex_unlock(&pcpu_alloc_mutex);
 	}
 
-	if (chunk != pcpu_reserved_chunk) {
-		spin_lock_irqsave(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-		pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages -= occ_pages;
-		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-	}
-
 	if (pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages < PCPU_EMPTY_POP_PAGES_LOW)
 		pcpu_schedule_balance_work();
 
@@ -1211,7 +1085,6 @@
 		if (chunk == list_first_entry(free_head, struct pcpu_chunk, list))
 			continue;
 
-		list_del_init(&chunk->map_extend_list);
 		list_move(&chunk->list, &to_free);
 	}
 
@@ -1230,25 +1103,6 @@
 		pcpu_destroy_chunk(chunk);
 	}
 
-	/* service chunks which requested async area map extension */
-	do {
-		int new_alloc = 0;
-
-		spin_lock_irq(&pcpu_lock);
-
-		chunk = list_first_entry_or_null(&pcpu_map_extend_chunks,
-					struct pcpu_chunk, map_extend_list);
-		if (chunk) {
-			list_del_init(&chunk->map_extend_list);
-			new_alloc = pcpu_need_to_extend(chunk, false);
-		}
-
-		spin_unlock_irq(&pcpu_lock);
-
-		if (new_alloc)
-			pcpu_extend_area_map(chunk, new_alloc);
-	} while (chunk);
-
 	/*
 	 * Ensure there are certain number of free populated pages for
 	 * atomic allocs.  Fill up from the most packed so that atomic
@@ -1296,7 +1150,7 @@
 			if (!ret) {
 				nr_to_pop -= nr;
 				spin_lock_irq(&pcpu_lock);
-				pcpu_chunk_populated(chunk, rs, rs + nr);
+				pcpu_chunk_populated(chunk, rs, rs + nr, false);
 				spin_unlock_irq(&pcpu_lock);
 			} else {
 				nr_to_pop = 0;
@@ -1335,7 +1189,7 @@
 	void *addr;
 	struct pcpu_chunk *chunk;
 	unsigned long flags;
-	int off, occ_pages;
+	int off;
 
 	if (!ptr)
 		return;
@@ -1349,13 +1203,10 @@
 	chunk = pcpu_chunk_addr_search(addr);
 	off = addr - chunk->base_addr;
 
-	pcpu_free_area(chunk, off, &occ_pages);
-
-	if (chunk != pcpu_reserved_chunk)
-		pcpu_nr_empty_pop_pages += occ_pages;
+	pcpu_free_area(chunk, off);
 
 	/* if there are more than one fully free chunks, wake up grim reaper */
-	if (chunk->free_size == pcpu_unit_size) {
+	if (chunk->free_bytes == pcpu_unit_size) {
 		struct pcpu_chunk *pos;
 
 		list_for_each_entry(pos, &pcpu_slot[pcpu_nr_slots - 1], list)
@@ -1651,8 +1502,6 @@
 int __init pcpu_setup_first_chunk(const struct pcpu_alloc_info *ai,
 				  void *base_addr)
 {
-	static int smap[PERCPU_DYNAMIC_EARLY_SLOTS] __initdata;
-	static int dmap[PERCPU_DYNAMIC_EARLY_SLOTS] __initdata;
 	size_t size_sum = ai->static_size + ai->reserved_size + ai->dyn_size;
 	size_t static_size, dyn_size;
 	struct pcpu_chunk *chunk;
@@ -1787,8 +1636,7 @@
 	 */
 	tmp_addr = (unsigned long)base_addr + static_size;
 	map_size = ai->reserved_size ?: dyn_size;
-	chunk = pcpu_alloc_first_chunk(tmp_addr, map_size, smap,
-				       ARRAY_SIZE(smap));
+	chunk = pcpu_alloc_first_chunk(tmp_addr, map_size);
 
 	/* init dynamic chunk if necessary */
 	if (ai->reserved_size) {
@@ -1797,8 +1645,7 @@
 		tmp_addr = (unsigned long)base_addr + static_size +
 			   ai->reserved_size;
 		map_size = dyn_size;
-		chunk = pcpu_alloc_first_chunk(tmp_addr, map_size, dmap,
-					       ARRAY_SIZE(dmap));
+		chunk = pcpu_alloc_first_chunk(tmp_addr, map_size);
 	}
 
 	/* link the first chunk in */
@@ -2375,36 +2222,6 @@
 #endif	/* CONFIG_SMP */
 
 /*
- * First and reserved chunks are initialized with temporary allocation
- * map in initdata so that they can be used before slab is online.
- * This function is called after slab is brought up and replaces those
- * with properly allocated maps.
- */
-void __init percpu_init_late(void)
-{
-	struct pcpu_chunk *target_chunks[] =
-		{ pcpu_first_chunk, pcpu_reserved_chunk, NULL };
-	struct pcpu_chunk *chunk;
-	unsigned long flags;
-	int i;
-
-	for (i = 0; (chunk = target_chunks[i]); i++) {
-		int *map;
-		const size_t size = PERCPU_DYNAMIC_EARLY_SLOTS * sizeof(map[0]);
-
-		BUILD_BUG_ON(size > PAGE_SIZE);
-
-		map = pcpu_mem_zalloc(size);
-		BUG_ON(!map);
-
-		spin_lock_irqsave(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-		memcpy(map, chunk->map, size);
-		chunk->map = map;
-		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pcpu_lock, flags);
-	}
-}
-
-/*
  * Percpu allocator is initialized early during boot when neither slab or
  * workqueue is available.  Plug async management until everything is up
  * and running.